Modafinil. Armodafinil. The use of eugeroics in assisting the treatment of depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. Benefits, drawbacks, and adverse effects

Modafinil is used to treat narcolepsy with cataplexy and is also being extensively studied to find new therapeutic uses. In recent years, there have been reports suggesting the potential benefits of modafinil in the treatment of psychiatric illnesses such as depression and bipolar depression. In the case of depression, modafinil can be used as an adjuvant or as monotherapy in patients who do not respond sufficiently to antidepressants. Studies have shown that modafinil improves symptoms of depression, reduces fatigue and improves cognitive function. There are also reports of a beneficial effect of modafinil in the treatment of seasonal depression. For bipolar depression, modafinil can be used as an adjunct therapy during the depressive phase, particularly in patients experiencing slowness, lethargy and loss of pleasure. Studies suggest that modafinil may improve depressive symptoms without inducing manic episodes. There are also data indicating modafinil's potential efficacy in treating negative symptoms and improving cognitive function in patients with schizophrenia. In conclusion, modafinil appears to be a promising drug in aiding the treatment of various psychiatric illnesses

The current possible treatment approaches of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

Introduction             Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), first described by Stein and Leventhal in 1935, is one of the most prevalent endocrine system conditions affecting women of reproductive age. It affects between 6% and 13% of women and the majority of cases are identified between the ages of 20 and 30. Unfortunately, the disease is usually diagnosed only when bothersome symptoms such as hair loss, alopecia, acne, and infertility-related problems occur. Based on the Rotterdam criteria, four phenotypes of PCOS are distinguished. Aim of the study             This review aims to present the current state of knowledge about possible treatment approaches, both non-pharmacological and pharmacological. Materials and methods            The paper was created based on the Pubmed database. The literature was reviewed using the keywords: ”PCOS”, ”PCOS treatment” and “ PCOS medications “. The current state of knowledge           Treatments for PCOS must be tailored to the specific needs of each patient. In the management of PCOS, special attention is paid to diet, physical activity, and restoration of the Gut Microbiome. Medications used in therapy are oral contraceptives and anti-androgens, insulin sensitizers, ovulation inducers, calcium and vitamin D supplements, statins, Glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists, inositols and interleukin 22 (IL-22)  therapy. Summary            Treatment options for menstrual irregularities and hirsutism are based on the clinical goals and preferences of the patient. The ideal would be causal treatment, but due to the ongoing lack of full understanding of the pathogenesis of the syndrome, is not entirely feasible. The ideal would be causal treatment, but due to the ongoing lack of full understanding of the pathogenesis of the syndrome, is not entirely feasible. The most important is a multimodal approach to treat comorbid conditions such as diabetes mellitus type 2, obesity, hyperlipidemia, depression, and infertility

The multimodal approach to obesity treatment – current pharmacological and surgical methods and lifestyle changes

Introduction            Obesity is one of the major health problems of today’s population and is defined as a body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2.  It is known that obesity may cause many complications such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, osteoarthritis, obstructive sleep, apnoea, and several cancers. The only effective treatment of obesity can be pharmacological or surgical, especially when a years-long attempt to change habits has had no effects.  Aim of the study This review aims to present the current state of knowledge about non-pharmacological and pharmacological obesity treatment methods. Materials and methods            The paper was created based on the Pubmed database. The literature was reviewed using the keywords: ”obesity”, ”obesity treatment”, “ obesity lifestyle changes”, “obesity medications” and ”obesity surgery”. The current state of knowledge           The treatment of obesity requires a multimodal approach to treatment, including the addition of anti-obesity medications or bariatric surgery, or both, to assist people in reaching and sustaining sufficient weight loss to meet treatment goals. The 3 principal components of a comprehensive lifestyle intervention are diet, physical activity, and behavioral therapy. Among available anti-obesity medications include orlistat, phentermine, topiramate, naltrexone, bupropion, liraglutide, and semaglutide. Summary            The key challenge in the treatment of obesity is to maintain the effects obtained with multimodal therapy. Without proper motivation of patients and changes in eating and behavioral habits, it is impossible to achieve optimal results, therefore, in addition to medical interventions, more and more attention should be paid to psychological interventions

Value of marriage and family in opinion of secondary school youth

STRESZCZENIEW niniejszej pracy omówione zostało zagadnienie wartości małżeństwa i rodziny w opiniach młodzieży szkół średnich. Dzięki analizie literatury przedmiotu przybliżono tematykę związaną z małżeństwem i rodziną. Celem pracy było poznanie opinii młodzieży szkół średnich na temat wartości małżeństwa i rodziny i udzielenie odpowiedzi na pytanie „Jaką wartość dla młodzieży szkół średnich ma rodzina i małżeństwo?” Badania, w których wzięli udział uczniowie nowosądeckich szkół średnich umożliwiły udzielenie odpowiedzi na to pytanie. w badaniach została zastosowana metoda sondażu diagnostycznego z techniką ankiety. Jako narzędzie badawcze posłużył kwestionariusz ankiety zawierający trzy narzędzia standaryzowane oraz pytania własne. Zmienne jakie zostały wyłonione to: cechy społeczno- demograficzne badanych, cechy strukturalne rodzin badanych, cechy rodziny jako środowiska wychowawczego, kryzys wartościowania, preferencje dotyczące systemu wartościowania, wartościowanie małżeństwa i rodziny przez badanych. Badania wykazały jakie wartości młodzież ceni sobie najbardziej i które najwyżej znajdują się w jej systemie. Wartości rodzinne w dziesięciostopniowej skali zostały usytuowane na ósmym miejscu. z analizy odpowiedzi respondentów na pytania zawarte w ankiecie wynika, że wysoko cenią sobie małżeństwo i rodzinę-wszyscy respondenci zadeklarowali chęć posiadania rodziny w przyszłości. Badania wykazały również, że cechy społeczno- demograficzne oraz cechy rodziny jako środowiska wychowawczego odgrywają istotną rolę w wartościowaniu małżeństwa i rodziny przez młodzież. Nie bez znaczenia również okazuje się fakt wpływu cech społeczno- demograficznych na kryzys wartościowania młodzieży.In this thesis the issue of marriage and the family in the opinions of high school students was discussed. By analyzing the literature, the issues related to marriage and family were brought closer. The aim of the study was to get to know the opinion of school students about the value of marriage and the family, and to give the answer to the question "What value have family and marriage for secondary school students ?"The study, in which attended students of secondary schools in Nowy Sacz, enabled to answer this question. In the study the method of diagnostic survey questionnaire technique has been applied. This questionnaire served as a research tool questionnaire containing three standardized tools and questions its own. Variables that were selected are: socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents, the structural characteristics of families surveyed, the characteristics of the family as an educational environment, crisis evaluation, evaluation system preferences, valuation of marriage and family by respondents.Studies have shown what values the youth appreciate the most and which are at the most in its system. Family values in a ten-point scale were placed at the eighth place. From the analysis of the respondent sarise that they place a high value on marriage and family-all respondents declared their desire to have a family in the future. Studies have also shown that socio-demographic characteristics and the characteristics of the family as an educational environment play an important role in the valuation of marriage and family by young people. It is no insignificant that the social and demographic characteristics influence the crisis valuing of yout