1,411 research outputs found
Direct determination of highly size-resolved turbulent particle fluxes with the disjunct eddy covariance method and a 12 ? stage electrical low pressure impactor
International audienceDuring summer 2007, turbulent vertical particle fluxes were measured for a period of 98 days near the city centre of Münster in north-west Germany. For this purpose, a valve controlled disjunct eddy covariance system was mounted at 65 m a.g.l. on a military radio tower. The concentration values for 11 size bins with aerodynamic diameters (D50) from 0.03 to 10 ?m were measured with an electrical low pressure impactor. After comparison with other fluxes obtained from 10 Hz measurements with the classical eddy covariance method, the loss of information concerning high frequent parts of the flux could be stated as negligible. The results offer an extended insight in the turbulent atmospheric exchange of aerosol particles by highly size-resolved particle fluxes covering 11 size bins and show that the city of Münster acts as a relevant source for aerosol particles. Significant differences occur between the fluxes of the various particle size classes. While the total particle number flux shows a pattern which is strictly correlated to the diurnal course of the turbulence regime and the traffic intensity, the total mass flux exhibits a single minimum in the evening hours when coarse particles start to deposit. As a result, a mean mass deposition of about 10 g m?2 per day was found above the urban test site, covering the aerosol size range from 40 nm to 2.0 ?m. By contrast, the half-hourly total number fluxes accumulated over the lower ELPI stages range from ?4.29×107 to +1.44×108 particles m?2 s-1 and are clearly dominated by the sub-micron particle fraction of the impactor stages with diameters between 40 nm and 320 nm. The averaged number fluxes of particles with diameters between 2.0 and 6.4 ?m show lower turbulent dynamics during daytime and partially remarkably high negative fluxes with mean deposition velocities of 2×10?3 m s?1 that appear temporary during noontime and in the evening hours
Epidemic threshold in structured scale-free networks
We analyze the spreading of viruses in scale-free networks with high
clustering and degree correlations, as found in the Internet graph. For the
Suscetible-Infected-Susceptible model of epidemics the prevalence undergoes a
phase transition at a finite threshold of the transmission probability.
Comparing with the absence of a finite threshold in networks with purely random
wiring, our result suggests that high clustering and degree correlations
protect scale-free networks against the spreading of viruses. We introduce and
verify a quantitative description of the epidemic threshold based on the
connectivity of the neighborhoods of the hubs.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure
Flows and Duality Symmetries in N=1 Supersymmetric Gauge Theories
We present more examples of dual N=1 SUSY gauge theories. This set of
theories is connected by flows to both Seiberg's and Kutasov's dual theories.
This provides a unifying picture of the various dual theories. We investigate
the dual theories, their flat directions and mass perturbations.Comment: 31 pages, uses harvmac.tex and tables.tex Minor changes - version
accepted to Nucl. Phys.
Summertime partitioning and budget of NOycompounds in the troposphere over Alaska and Canada: ABLE 3B
As part of NASA's Arctic Boundary Layer Expedition 3A and 3B field measurement programs, measurements of NO(x) HNO31, PAN, PPN, and NOy were made in the middle to lower troposphere over Alaska and Canada during the summers of 1988 and 1990. These measurements are used to assess the degree of closure within the reactive odd nitrogen (NxOy) budget through the comparison of the values of NOy measured with a catalytic convertor to the sum of individually measured NOy(i) compounds (i.e., Sigma NOy(i) = NOx + HNO3 + PAN + PPN). Significant differences were observed between the various study regions. In the lower 6 km of the troposphere over Alaska and the Hudson Bay lowlands of Canada a significant traction of the NOy budget (30 to 60 per cent) could not be accounted for by the measured Sigma NOy(i). This deficit in the NOy budget is about 100 to 200 parts per trillion by volume (pptv) in the lower troposphere (0.15 to 3 km) and about 200 to 400 pptv in the middle free troposphere (3 to 6.2 km). Conversely, the NOy budget in the northern Labrador and Quebec regions or Canada is almost totally accounted for within the combined measurement uncertainties of NOy and the various NOy(i) compounds. A substantial portion of the NOx budget's 'missing compounds' appears to be coupled to the photochemical and/or dynamical parameters influencing the tropospheric oxidative potential over these regions. A combination of factors are suggested as the causes for the variability observed in the NOy budget. In addition, the apparent stability of compounds represented by the NOy budget deficit in the lower-attitude range questions the ability of these compounds to participate as reversible reservoirs for "active" odd nitrogen and suggest that some portion of the NOy budget may consist of relatively unreactive nitrogencontaining compounds. Bei der Rationalisierung von Kommissioniersystemen besteht bei vielen Unternehmen noch Nachholbedarf. Dies ergab eine Umfrage des Fraunhofer-Instituts für Materialfluss und Logistik in Dortmund bei ca. 800 Unternehmen. Keins der Unternehmen setzt Kommissionierautomaten ein, die Voraussetzungen für durchgehende Automatisierung fehlen
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Summertime distribution and relations of reactive odd nitrogen species and NOyin the troposphere over Canada
Exact time correlation functions for N classical Heisenberg spins in the `squashed' equivalent neighbor model
We present exact integral representations of the time-dependent spin-spin
correlation functions for the classical Heisenberg N-spin `squashed' equivalent
neighbor model, in which one spin is coupled via the Heisenberg exchange
interaction with strength to the other N-1 spins, each of which is
coupled via the Heisenberg exchange coupling with strength to the
remaining N-2 spins. At low temperature T we find that the N spins oscillate in
four modes, one of which is a central peak for a semi-infinite range of the
values of the exchange coupling ratio. For the N=4 case of four spins on a
squashed tetrahedron, detailed numerical evaluations of these results are
presented. As , we calculate exactly the long-time asymptotic
behavior of the correlation functions for arbitrary N, and compare our results
with those obtained for three spins on an isosceles triangle.Comment: 9 pages, 8 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev.
On the relation between quantum Liouville theory and the quantized Teichm"uller spaces
We review both the construction of conformal blocks in quantum Liouville
theory and the quantization of Teichm\"uller spaces as developed by Kashaev,
Checkov and Fock. In both cases one assigns to a Riemann surface a Hilbert
space acted on by a representation of the mapping class group. According to a
conjecture of H. Verlinde, the two are equivalent. We describe some key steps
in the verification of this conjecture.Comment: Contribution to the proceedings of the 6th International Conference
on CFTs and Integrable Models, Chernogolovka, Russia, September 2002; v2:
Typos corrected, typographical change
Diffusion on random site percolation clusters. Theory and NMR microscopy experiments with model objects
Quasi two-dimensional random site percolation model objects were fabricate
based on computer generated templates. Samples consisting of two compartments,
a reservoir of HO gel attached to a percolation model object which was
initially filled with DO, were examined with NMR (nuclear magnetic
resonance) microscopy for rendering proton spin density maps. The propagating
proton/deuteron inter-diffusion profiles were recorded and evaluated with
respect to anomalous diffusion parameters. The deviation of the concentration
profiles from those expected for unobstructed diffusion directly reflects the
anomaly of the propagator for diffusion on a percolation cluster. The fractal
dimension of the random walk, , evaluated from the diffusion measurements
on the one hand and the fractal dimension, , deduced from the spin density
map of the percolation object on the other permits one to experimentally
compare dynamical and static exponents. Approximate calculations of the
propagator are given on the basis of the fractional diffusion equation.
Furthermore, the ordinary diffusion equation was solved numerically for the
corresponding initial and boundary conditions for comparison. The anomalous
diffusion constant was evaluated and is compared to the Brownian case. Some ad
hoc correction of the propagator is shown to pay tribute to the finiteness of
the system. In this way, anomalous solutions of the fractional diffusion
equation could experimentally be verified for the first time.Comment: REVTeX, 12 figures in GIF forma
Gaussian Tunneling Model of c-Axis Twist Josephson Junctions
We calculate the critical current density for c-axis Josephson
tunneling between identical high temperature superconductors twisted an angle
about the c-axis. We model the tunneling matrix element squared as a
Gaussian in the change of wavevector q parallel to the junction, . The
obtained for the s- and extended-s-wave order parameters (OP's) are consistent
with the BiSrCaCuO data of Li {\it et al.}, but only
for strongly incoherent tunneling, . A -wave OP
is always inconsistent with the data. In addition, we show that the apparent
conventional sum rule violation observed by Basov et al. might be
understandable in terms of incoherent c-axis tunneling, provided that the OP is
not -wave.Comment: 6 pages, 6 figure
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