Untersuchung zum Vorkommen von Anthelminthikaresistenzen in norddeutschen Rinderbeständen

Anthelmintic resistance has become a serious problem worldwide especially for small ruminants but it is also rising for cattle. The sustainability to maintain the efficacy of anthelmintics is an important objective. Furthermore, reduction of anthelmintic use is desired to assure safe and high quality food. Therefore targeted selective treatment (TST) systems should be developed. Through TST the use of anthelmintics can be reduced and selection pressure on sensible endoparasite isolates decreases. The current project aims at 1st the investigation of the current efficacy of macrocyclic lac-tone anthelmintics in first season grazing cattle in Northern Germany and 2nd to com-paratively investigate different approaches to TST such as body weight, body condition-ing scores (BCS) and egg output (EPG)

Co‐developing guidance for conservation: An example for seabirds in the North‐East Atlantic in the face of climate change impacts

Conservation guidance—an authoritative source of information and recommendations explicitly supporting decision-making and action regarding nature conservation—represents an important tool to communicate evidence-based advice to conservation actors. Given the rapidly increasing pressure that climate change poses to biodiversity, producing accessible, well-informed guidance on how to best manage the impacts and risks of changing climatic conditions is particularly urgent. Guidance documents should ideally be produced with multistage input from stakeholders who are likely to use and implement such advice; however, this step can be complicated and costly, and remains largely unformalized. Moreover, there is currently little direct evidence synthesized for actions that specifically target climate change and guidance remains largely absent. Here, we introduce a process for co-developing guidance for species conservation in the face of climate change, using seabirds in the North-East Atlantic as a case study. Specifically, we collated evidence on climate change vulnerability and possible conservation actions using literature synthesis, stakeholder surveys, and ecological modeling. This evidence base was then discussed, refined, and expanded using structured stakeholder workshops. We summarize the knowledge gained through stakeholder engagement and provide recommendations for future international efforts to co-produce conservation guidance for managing wildlife, in the context of a rapidly changing climate.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Co-developing guidance for conservation: an example for seabirds in the North-East Atlantic in the face of climate change impacts

Conservation guidance—an authoritative source of information and recommendations explicitly supporting decision-making and action regarding nature conservation—represents an important tool to communicate evidence-based advice to conservation actors. Given the rapidly increasing pressure that climate change poses to biodiversity, producing accessible, well-informed guidance on how to best manage the impacts and risks of changing climatic conditions is particularly urgent. Guidance documents should ideally be produced with multistage input from stakeholders who are likely to use and implement such advice; however, this step can be complicated and costly, and remains largely unformalized. Moreover, there is currently little direct evidence synthesized for actions that specifically target climate change and guidance remains largely absent. Here, we introduce a process for co-developing guidance for species conservation in the face of climate change, using seabirds in the North-East Atlantic as a case study. Specifically, we collated evidence on climate change vulnerability and possible conservation actions using literature synthesis, stakeholder surveys, and ecological modeling. This evidence base was then discussed, refined, and expanded using structured stakeholder workshops. We summarize the knowledge gained through stakeholder engagement and provide recommendations for future international efforts to co-produce conservation guidance for managing wildlife, in the context of a rapidly changing climate

Rinderwürmer werden resistent

Um Weidetiere vor Endoparasiten zu schützen, greift man meist zu Entwurmungsmitteln. Mit folgen: Während ein großer Teil der Magen- und Darm-Würmer bei Schafen und Ziegen schon lange gegen bestimmte Wirkstoffe resistent ist, tauchen nun auch bei Rinderwürmern erste Resistenzen auf

The SUMOylation Pathway Restricts Gene Transduction by Adeno-Associated Viruses

<div><p>Adeno-associated viruses are members of the genus dependoviruses of the parvoviridae family. AAV vectors are considered promising vectors for gene therapy and genetic vaccination as they can be easily produced, are highly stable and non-pathogenic. Nevertheless, transduction of cells <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> by AAV in the absence of a helper virus is comparatively inefficient requiring high multiplicity of infection. Several bottlenecks for AAV transduction have previously been described, including release from endosomes, nuclear transport and conversion of the single stranded DNA into a double stranded molecule. We hypothesized that the bottlenecks in AAV transduction are, in part, due to the presence of host cell restriction factors acting directly or indirectly on the AAV-mediated gene transduction. In order to identify such factors we performed a whole genome siRNA screen which identified a number of putative genes interfering with AAV gene transduction. A number of factors, yielding the highest scores, were identified as members of the SUMOylation pathway. We identified Ubc9, the E2 conjugating enzyme as well as Sae1 and Sae2, enzymes responsible for activating E1, as factors involved in restricting AAV. The restriction effect, mediated by these factors, was validated and reproduced independently. Our data indicate that SUMOylation targets entry of AAV capsids and not downstream processes of uncoating, including DNA single strand conversion or DNA damage signaling. We suggest that transiently targeting SUMOylation will enhance application of AAV <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>.</p></div

Prediction of putative SUMOylation sites in the AAV VP1 proteins.

<p>Potential SUMOylation sites and SUMO-interacting motifs (SIM) were predicted using GPS-SUMO [<a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1005281#ppat.1005281.ref077" target="_blank">77</a>]. Number and specific position of potential SUMOylation sites and SIMs are shown on the left hand side. AAV1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 13 harbor a potential lysine (K) which can serve as SUMOylation target (yellow). Also AAV4, 11 and 12 expose a potential SUMOylation target K at a position nearby (green).</p

Knockdown of enzymes of the SUMOylation pathway does not alter expression of a stably integrated CMV-eGFP gene.

<p>A HeLa cell line stably expressing eGFP was transfected with four different siRNAs targeting Ubc9 and Sae2, respectively. Forty-eight h later, the cells were infected with scAAV2-renilla luciferase at an MOI_GC of 10³. Twenty-four h after infection, cells were harvested by trypsinization. One half of a well of a 6-well plate was proceeded for FACS-analysis (a), the other half was used to determine luciferase activity (b). Mean values and standard deviation of two independent experiments of mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) and relative light units (RLU), respectively, are shown. The values obtained after transfection with <i>AllStars negative control siRNA</i> (Qiagen; ‘scrambled’) were set to 100 in both cases.</p

Knockdown of SUMOylation key enzymes increased transduction with different serotypes and capsid variants but not that of autonomous parvovirus H1 or human papillomavirus.

<p>A: HeLa cells were transfected with siRNAs targeting Ubc9 or Sae2. 46 h later, the cells were infected with ss-firefly luciferase vectors of AAV 1, 8, 9 and capsid variants thereof (left part) and scAAV5- or scAAV9-renilla luciferase (right part) at an MOI of 10⁴. The variants of AAV 1, 8, and 9 harbored heptamer insertions at the threefold spikes in position corresponding to amino acid 588 of AAV2. NYS: Peptide NYSRGVD; NEA: peptide NEAVRE. 25 h after infection, cells were lysed and analyzed for luciferase activity. The RLU values in the case of transfection of the control siRNA ‘AllStars negative control siRNA’ were set to 100. The mean values and standard deviation of three independent experiments are shown. B; C; D: HeLa cells were transfected with siRNA targeting Ubc9 (B) or Sae2 (C and D) 48 h before they were transduced with different recombinant vectors encoding luciferase reporters. Luciferase activity was determined 24 h post infection. The graphs show the ratio of luciferase activity of cells treated with siRNAs targeting Ubc9 or Sae2, respectively and cells treated with <i>AllStars negative control siRNA</i> (scrambled). Shown are the mean of three independent experiments with standard deviations.</p