IMPLIKASI PENGGUNAAN MATA UANG VIRTUAL BITCOIN SEBAGAI ALAT PEMBAYARAN DALAM TRANSAKSI KOMERSIAL MENURUT UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 7 TAHUN 2011 TENTANG MATA UANG

Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui bagaimanakah pengaturan penggunaan mata uang virtual bitcoin sebagai alat pembayaran komersil menurut Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2011 tentang Mata Uang danbagaimanakah akibat hukum penggunaan mata uang virtual bitcoin sebagai alat pembayaran di Indonesia yang dengan metode penelitian hukum normatif disimpulkan: 1. Mata uang virtual Bitcoin merupakan alat pembayaran digital yang sudah merambah keseluruh dunia termasuk indonesia dengan ditandai beberapa kasus yang terjadi, adapun sebagai alat tukar maupun sebagai alat investasi. Bitcoin sebagai alat tukar yang dapat diterima sebagai alat pembayaran (dalam komunitasnya) dalam hal ini trading. Akan tetapi penggunaan mata uang bitcoin tersebut bukan mata uang yang sah dan resmi, karena tidak memiliki otoritas yang berwenang untuk mengaturnya. Berdasarkan pada Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2011 Tentang Mata Uang sudah menetapkan rupiah sebagai mata uang yang sah di Indonesia. Sehingga jika bitcoin disamakan sebagai mata uang jelas bertentangan dengan Undang-Undang yang dimaksud. Bank Indonesia juga sudah mengatur instrumen pembayaran yang sah diterima sebagai alat pembayaran melalui PBI No.11/PBI/2009 tentang penyelenggaraan kegiatan alat pembayaran dengan menggunakan kartu dan PBI No.11/12/2009 tentang uang elektronik. Karena berbicara tentang mata uang merupakan simbol bagi suatu negara yang tidak dapat diganggu gugat, sehingga tindakan dalam bentuk transaksi apapun yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan selain mata uang Rupiah diangap merupakan suatu tindakan melanggar hukum. Selain Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2011 terdapat peraturan perundangan lainnya yang mengatur mengenai mata uang yakni Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2009 Tentang Bank Indonesia dan dijelaskan lebih lanjut dalam Peraturan Bank Indonesia Nomor 19/12/PBI/2017. 2. Larangan terhadap penggunaan mata uang virtual bitcoin sebagai alat pembayaran di Indonesia menimbulkan akibat hukum. Akibat hukum yang dimaksudkan disini adalah sanksi bagi subyek hukum yang melakukan tindakan melawan hukum dalam hal menggunakan mata uang virtual bitcoin ini. Sanksi terhadap pelanggaran tersebut telah di atur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2011 Tentang Mata Uang dan Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2009 Tentang Bank Indonesia. Sanksi yang terdapat didalam kedua Undang-Undang tersebut dalam hal penggunaan mata uang virtual bitcoin diantaranya adalah Pidana kurungan, Pidana penjara, dan pidana denda.Kata kunci: virtual bitcoin

EFFECTS OF AZADIRACHTIN ON THE SUNN PEST, EURYGASTER INTEGRICEPS PUT. (HETEROPTERA, SCUTELLERIDAE) IN THE LABORATORY

To investigate the effect of azadirachtin on different stages of the sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps Put. (Het., Scutelleridae) in the laboratory, a commercial neem insecticide (NeemAzal T/S) was applied at dose of 0.5 % by dipping insects. No effect was observed for 1. instar nymphs at 1 day after application, although adults had slightly effect (20 %). Adults and nymphs were infl uenced 7 days after the treatment and mortality rates for adults and nymphs were recorded 44.0 and 51.9 %, respectively. The hatching of treated eggs was reduced than control. These results indicate that NeemAzal T/S may be used in integrated sunn pest management, but should be evaluated for fi eld efficacy

Simulation des Grandes Echelles de flammes de spray et modélisation de la combustion non-prémélangée

La combustion d’hydrocarbures représente encore aujourd’hui une part très majoritaire de la production d’énergie dans le monde, et en particulier dans l’industrie aéronautique. La plupart des brûleurs industriels sont alimentés par un carburant sous forme liquide, injecté directement dans la chambre de combustion, générant ainsi de fortes interactions entre le spray, l’écoulement turbulent et la flamme. Dans le but d’acquérir une meilleure compréhension de la structure complexe des flammes de spray, une étude numérique a été réalisée sur la configuration du brûleur diphasique KIAI, caractérisée de façon précise et complète expérimentalement. Une approche de type simulation des grandes échelles a été utilisée pour simuler la phase gazeuse tandis que la phase liquide était résolue selon un formalisme Lagrangien déterministe (LES-DPS). L’analyse détaillée de la structure de flamme de spray permet de mettre en exergue le rôle important de la combustion non prémélangée dans ce type de flamme. Cela a motivé dans une seconde étape le développement d’une nouvelle approche pour modéliser les flammes de diffusion turbulentes. Le modèle présenté s’appuie sur la réponse des flammes de diffusion laminaires au maillage, à l’étirement et au plissement. Le dégagement de chaleur global de la flamme a été analysé dans des configurations de complexité croissante, et la capacité du modèle à le décrire a été évaluée

EFFECTS OF AZADIRACHTIN ON THE SUNN PEST, EURYGASTER INTEGRICEPS PUT. (HETEROPTERA, SCUTELLERIDAE) IN THE LABORATORY

To investigate the effect of azadirachtin on different stages of the sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps Put. (Het., Scutelleridae) in the laboratory, a commercial neem insecticide (NeemAzal T/S) was applied at dose of 0.5 % by dipping insects. No effect was observed for 1. instar nymphs at 1 day after application, although adults had slightly effect (20 %). Adults and nymphs were infl uenced 7 days after the treatment and mortality rates for adults and nymphs were recorded 44.0 and 51.9 %, respectively. The hatching of treated eggs was reduced than control. These results indicate that NeemAzal T/S may be used in integrated sunn pest management, but should be evaluated for fi eld efficacy

Junk in the trunk: evaluating the relationship between body-mass index and interracial dating for white adolescent females

Increasing racial diversity in the United States coupled with changing cultural norms toward interracial dating fuels the growth in interracial couples. The purpose of this paper is to examine the factors that influence heterosexual interracial adolescent dating, specifically the link between an adolescent's body mass index (BMI) and the likelihood of that individual entering an interracial relationship. I hypothesize that white adolescent women with BMI levels that align with the body type preferences of black men will date interracially at higher rates than their peers with BMI levels that are not consistent with preferences common among black men. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health (Add Health), I estimate the effects of BMI on the likelihood of an individual entering an interracial relationship through binomial logistic regression analysis. I find that for white female adolescents, as BMI increases the likelihood of dating black men increases as well

Simulation of bidisperse colloidal centrifugal sedimentation using a mixture viscosity model

Understanding the sedimentation behavior of bidisperse colloidal suspensions is critical in determining their stability and separation. While centrifugation is often used to accelerate separation, the settling of bidisperse colloids and their phase separation under these conditions is complex and difficult to predict explicitly. As an alternative, this work proposes a one-dimensional advection-diffusion model that uses an effective maximum volume fraction with a bidisperse viscosity scheme, which reflects important characteristics of bidisperse sedimentation while remaining computationally efficient. The influence of Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek interactions on packing fraction and dispersion viscosity is also considered. A numerical implementation is described using an adaptive finite-difference solver, which can be used for concentration profile and settling rate prediction of both species under variable acceleration. Validation experiments with silica suspensions in two size ratios (500:800 and 100:500 nm) and various total concentrations are performed using an analytical centrifuge, with results also being compared to Richardson–Zaki empirical predictions. The model is shown to be a very good fit to the data for both size ratio dispersions at three mixing ratios, with differences <10%. Slightly higher levels of variation were detected for the 500:800 nm system, owing to the smaller size ratio and resulting greater effect of uncounted secondary hydrodynamic factors, which enables the limits of the mixture viscosity model to be established. Nevertheless, this work highlights that mixture viscosity modeling combined with effective maximum volume fraction modifications can provide critical insights into the effect of bidisperse suspension dynamics on separation efficiencies

Measuring the predictability of life outcomes with a scientific mass collaboration.

How predictable are life trajectories? We investigated this question with a scientific mass collaboration using the common task method; 160 teams built predictive models for six life outcomes using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a high-quality birth cohort study. Despite using a rich dataset and applying machine-learning methods optimized for prediction, the best predictions were not very accurate and were only slightly better than those from a simple benchmark model. Within each outcome, prediction error was strongly associated with the family being predicted and weakly associated with the technique used to generate the prediction. Overall, these results suggest practical limits to the predictability of life outcomes in some settings and illustrate the value of mass collaborations in the social sciences

Development rate and lower temperature threshold in the eggs of Eurygaster integriceps (Heteroptera : Scutelleridae)

The sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps Put. has a wide distribution in the Palearctic region. It is the most important pest problem of wheat in Turkey. The objective of this study was to attain better knowledge of the development of the sunn pest eggs. The lower temperature threshold and development rate of eggs were determined at 17, 20, 23, 26 and 32 degrees C +/- 1 degrees C in the laboratory. A linear model was used to describe the developmental rate and temperature. The egg development required 90.9 degree-days above the theoretical threshold of 11.7 degrees C. The development time was 17.6 +/- 0.1 days at 17 degrees C, and 4.5 +/- 0.01 days at 32 degrees C. Incubation time was inversely related to temperature. The study showed that the eggs of E. integriceps needed shorter periods of time to complete their development than immature stages of their parasitoids Trissolcus spp