To investigate the effect of azadirachtin on different stages of the sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps Put. (Het., Scutelleridae) in the laboratory, a commercial neem insecticide (NeemAzal T/S) was applied at dose of 0.5 % by dipping insects. No effect was observed for 1. instar nymphs at 1 day after application, although adults had slightly effect (20 %). Adults and nymphs were infl uenced 7 days after the treatment and mortality rates for adults and nymphs
were recorded 44.0 and 51.9 %, respectively. The hatching of treated eggs was reduced than control. These results indicate that NeemAzal T/S may be used in integrated sunn pest management, but should be evaluated for fi eld efficacy

Müjgan KIVAN

Journal of Central European Agriculture

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ORIGINAL PAPER157Volume 6 (2005) No. 2 (157-160)EFFECTS OF AZADIRACHTIN ON THE SUNN PEST, EURYGASTER INTEGRICEPS PUT. (HETEROPTERA, SCUTELLERIDAE) IN THE LABORATORY Müjgan KIVANTrakya University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, 59030 Tekirdag, Turkeye-mail: kivan@tu.tzf.edu.tr or mujgankivan@hotmail.com, Tel: +90-282.2931442,Fax: +90.282.2931454Manuscript received: August 28, 2004; Reviewed: March 18, 2005; Accepted for publication: April 27, 2005ABSTRACTTo investigate the effect of azadirachtin on different stages of the sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps Put. (Het., Scutelleridae) in the laboratory, a commercial neem insecticide (NeemAzal T/S) was applied at dose of 0.5 % by dipping insects. No effect was observed for 1. instar nymphs at 1 day after application, although adults had slightly effect (20 %). Adults and nymphs were infl uenced 7 days after the treatment and mortality rates for adults and nymphs were recorded 44.0 and 51.9 %, respectively. The hatching of treated eggs was reduced than control. These results indicate that NeemAzal T/S may be used in integrated sunn pest management, but should be evaluated for fi eld effi cacy.KEY WORDS: The sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps, azadirachtin, pest control158 Journal of Central European Agriculture Vol 6 (2005) No 2Müjgan KIVANINTRODUCTIONIn recent years, use of natural insecticides has increased because of some problems, for example environmental pollution, development of resistance and effects on nontarget organisms in use of synthetic insecticides. Azadirachtin is one of natural insecticide from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.). Different commercial neem insecticides probably have several modes of action. Primary of which is an interference with the neuroendocrine system in insects which controls the synthesis of ecdysone and juvenile hormone, and others are a more direct role in the inhibition of molting, the antifeedant and growth regulating effects. Other secondary effects that have been studied include repellency, antioviposition, sterility, fecundity reduction, loss of fl ying ability, disrupting sexual communication, and reducing guttural motility [8].This active ingredient is reported to have numerous effects on about 400 insects [15, 10]. Because of toxicity with minimal effect of natural enemies, neem-based insecticides seems to have a potentially important in integrated pest management (IPM).programmes [15, 19, 2, 11, 17].The sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps Put. (Het., Scutelleridae) is a Palearctic species and the most destructive pest of wheat and other Graminae. It causes important economic injuriousness in Turkey. Control of sunn pest is mainly based on chemical control, but control operations are conducted in an IPM context [3].There are various commercial azadirachtin formulations. In this study, one of different commercial neem insecticides, NeemAzal T/S was tested. The objective was to determine the potential insecticidal effect of the preparation against E. integriceps.MATERIAL AND METHODSE. integriceps adults were collected from overwintering sites on leaf litter of oak and Cistus sp. in Tekirdag, Turkey and maintained on potted wheat plants covered with cages (20x27 cm) at 26±1 oC and 16 h light : 8 h dark conditions [9]. The eggs and nymphs were reared from the adults.NeemAzal T/S, containing 1 % azadirachtin (Trifolio-M GmbH, Lachnau, Germany) was applied at dose of 0.5 %. The overwintered adults, 1. instar nymphs and newly laid eggs (1 day old) were dipped into the neem concentration for 3 second. Control eggs were dipped in distilled water. After application, all individuals were left to dry on desiccate paper and then the adults were placed on potted wheat mentioned above. The treated eggs were put into 5 cm diameter petri dishes. The treated nymphs were transferred on a wheat leaf and ear in 10 cm diameter petri dishes, with the bottom covered with fi tler paper. The wheat leaf was renewed in 3 days. 10 adults, 20 nymphs and two egg masses (27-28 eggs) were used for each replication. The adult and egg treatments were replicated fi ve times and the nymph treatment was replicated four.The mortality was recorded after 1, 3, 7 and 10 days for nymphs and adults and after only 7 days for the eggs because of waiting to hatch. The data of mortality were corrected by Abbott’s Formula [1]. Percentage egg hatch, mortality adults and nymphs were normalized through arc-sin (angular) transformation before they were submited to t-test (p=0.05).RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONEffects on nymphs and adultsInitial contact mortality of all individuals of E. integriceps is shown Figure 1. No effect was observed for 1. instar nymphs at 1 day after application, although adults had slightly effect (20 %). It is evident that NeemAzal T/S did not give signifi cant mortality on both adults and nymphs during the fi rst 3 days after treatment. However, the mortality was signifi cantly different at 7 days after application for all the stages of E. integriceps (Table 1, p=0.05). At the same time, the effectiveness became not signifi cant at 10 days after application for the nymphs, although mortality increased (Table 1).This result is to be expected, as azadirachtin has sublethal and chronic effects on pests and it has generally antifeedant activity [13, 14]. It is not known for its ability to kill insects outright (18) and may take well in excess of seven days to do so.There are no literature on effect of NeemAzal T/S against E. integriceps. However, some research has been done on heteropteran insects with some different neem products. 8.162.0030.0042.603.2539.0431.840204060801001 3 7 10time after application (days)corrected mortality (%)AdultNymphEggFigure 1. Corrected mortality on different stages of Eurygaster integriceps after NeemAzal T/S application at 1, 3, 7 and 10 days.EFFECTS OF AZADIRACHTIN ON THE SUNN PEST, EURYGASTER INTEGRICEPS PUT. (HETEROPTERA, SCUTELLERIDAE) IN THE LABORATORY159J. Cent. Eur. Agric. (2005) 6:2, 157-160Stage Treatment Statistical valueMortality (%)3 days 7 days 10 daysAdultControlNeemAzal T/S2.0±2.010.0±4.520.0±4.544.0±9.3t value 2.05 2.39EggControlNeemAzal T/S6.1±1.936.0±3.9t value 8.01NymphControlNeemAzal T/S10.8±7.813.8±5.521.1±12.251.9±9.766.2±4.780.6±7.7t value 0.70 2.58 1.48Table 1. Contact toxicity of NeemAzal T/S on different stages of Eurygaster integricepsThe duration of the fi fth instar nymphs of Nezara viridula (L.) (Het., Pentatomidae) did not affected by the treatment with azadirachtin, however, at the highest doses all the insects died during the moulting process and it caused the appearence of a high percentage of adults with some nymphal characteristics [12] Durmusoglu et al. [5] recorded that NeemAzal T/S have no signifi cant effect on adults, although it was more effective on nymphs. Authors concluded that this product had potential with insecticidal effi cacy of 60 %. Azadirachtin was found to signifi cantly decrease the number of feeding sites by the pentatomid N. viridula on pecan nuts [16]. Sutherland et al. [18] assessed that antifeedant and ovipositional deterrent tests demonstrated good activity in reducing Oebalus poecilus (Dallas) (Het., Pentatomidae) feding damage but not oviposition.Topical application of neem seed extract to third instar nymphs of Perillus bioculatus (F.) (Het., Pentatomidae) delayed moulting and caused deformities after the moult in some insects [7]. It was effective as the synthetic insecticide widely recommended for pod sucking bugs, Clavigralla spp. (Het., Coreidae), Aspavia armigera (F.) (Het., Pentatomidae) and Riptortus dentipes (F.) (Het., Alydidae) in Ghana [20] Direct toxicity tests on 1st instar nymphs of the predator Macrolophus caliginosus Wagner (Het., Miridae) showed azadirachtin was harmful to the insects, but the short persistence made this active ingredient a promising solution in integrated pest management programmes [21].Effects on eggsThe effectiveness of azadirachtin on the eggs was recorded signifi cantly high rates after 7 days when it was compared with control eggs (Table 1). Although the hatching of treated eggs was reduced than control, it was slightly effect. Because the mortality of eggs was recorded 36.0 % only.There are not results regarding E. integriceps eggs and there are different results according to different heteropteran species. Dorn [4] assessed that topical treatment of normal eggs with an acetone solution of azadirachtin had no effect on hatchability of Oncopeltus fasciatus Dallas (Het., Lygaeidae) eggs. Volatiles of neem seed had also no effect on egg hatch in Clavigralla tomentosicollis Stal (Het., Coreidae), but egg viability was found to decrease with increasing concentrations of the extracts [6] NeemAzal T/S have no signifi cant effect on newly laid eggs, but more effective on old laid eggs for N. viridula [5].As a result of this study, it is concluded that NeemAzal T/S gave slightly insecticidal effi cacy against E. integriceps with concentration of 0.5 % according to manufacturers’ recommendations, but this effect was signifi cantly different than control. So that, higher concentrations of NeemAzal T/S could provide suitable alternatives into an IPM program, nevertheless, further research is needed to determine the chronic antifeedant and antioviposition effects on E. integriceps. In addition, it should be assessed for fi eld effi cacy.REFERENCES[1] Abbott, W.S., A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide, J. Econ.Entomol. (1925) 160 Journal of Central European Agriculture Vol 6 (2005) No 2Müjgan KIVAN18: 265-267.[2] Akol, A.M.; Sithanantham, S.; Njagi, P.G.N.; Varela, A.; Mueke, J.M., Relative safety of sprays of two neem insecticides to Diadegma mollipla (Holmgren), a parasitoid of diamondback moth: effects on adult longevity and foraging behaviour, Crop Protection (2002) 21, 853-859.[3] Boussini, M. El.; Canhilal, R.; Hassan, A.A., Integrated management of Sunn Pest: A safe alternative to chemical control, Caravan (2002) 16, 37-38.[4] Dorn, A., Effects of azadirachtin on reproduction and egg development of the heteropteran Oncopeltus fasciatus Dallas, J.Appl.Ent. (1986) 102, 313-319. [5] Durmusoglu, E.; Karsavuran, Y; Ozgen, I.; Guncan, A., Effects of two different neem products on different stages of Nezara viridula (L.) (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae), J. Pest Science (2003) 76, 151-154.[6] Ekesi, S., Effect of volatiles and crude extracts of different plant materials on egg viability of Maruca vitrata and Clavigralla tomentosicollis, Phytoparasitica (2000) 28, 305-310.[7] Hough-Goldstein,J.; Keil, C.B., Prospects for integrated control of the Colorado potato betle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) using Perillus bioculatus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and various pesticides, J.Econ.Entomol. (1991) 84, 1645-1651.[8] Howatt, K., Azadirachta indica: One tree’s Arsenal against pests, (1994) www.colostate.edu/Depts/Entomology/ courses/ en570/papers/howatt.html.[9] Kivan, M., Investigations on the biology of Trissolcus semisrtiatus Nees (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) an egg parasitoid of Eurygaster integriceps Put. (Heteroptera: Scutelleridae), Turk.J.Entomol. (1998) 22, 243-257 (in Turkish).[10] Kleeberg, H.; Hummel, E., NeemAzal TM-T/S-Experience and possibility in biological plant protection system, in: Faria, S.; Kleeberg, H. (Eds.), Practice oriented results on use and production of plant extracts and pheromones in integrated and biological pest control. 1. Workshop, Uberaba, Brazil, 2001, pp. [11] Raguraman, S.; Singh, R.P., Biological effects of neem (Azadirachta indica) seed oil on an egg parasitoid, Trichogramma chilonis, J.Econ.Entomol. (1999) 92, 1274-1280.[12] Riba, M.; Marti, J.; Sans, A., Infl uence of azadirachtin on development and reproduction of Nezara viridula L. (Het., Pentatomidae), J.Appl.Ent. (2003) 127, 37-41.[13] Schmutterer, H., Potential of azadirachtin-containing pesticides for integrated pest control in developing and industrialized countries, J.Insect Physiol. (1988) 34, 713-719.[14] Schmutterer, H., Properties and potential of natural pesticides from the neem tree, Azadirachta indica, Ann.Rev.Entomol. (1990) 35, 271-297.[15] Schmutterer, H., Side-effects of neem (Azadirachta indica) products on insect pathogens and natural enemies of spider mites and insects, J.Appl.Entomol. (1997) 121, 121-128.[16] Seymour, J.; Bowman, G.; Crouch, M., Effect of neem seed extract on feeding frequency of Nezara viridula L. (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) on pecan nuts, J.Aust.Entomol.Soc. (1995) 34, 221-223[17] Simmonds, M.S.J.; Manlove, J.D.; Blaney, W.M.; Khambay, B.P.S., Effect of botanical insecticides on the foraging and feeding behavior of the coccinellid predator Cryptoleamus montrouzieri, Phytoparasitica (2000) 28(2): [18] Sutherland, J.P.; Baharally, V.; Permaul, D., Use of the botanical insecticide, neem to control the small rice stinkbug Oebalus poecilus (Dallas, 1851) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Guyana, Entotmotropica (2002) 17, 97-101.[19] Tang, Y.Q.; Weathersbee III, A.A.; Mayer, R.T., Effect of neem seed extract on Brown citrus aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) and its parasitoid Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae), Environ.Entomol. (2002) 31, 172-176.[20] Tanzubil, P. B., Field evaluation of neem (Azadirachta indica) extracts for control of insect pests of cowpea in Northern Ghana, Journal of Tropical Forest Products (2000) 2, 165-172.[21] Tedeschi, R.; Alma, A.; Tavella, L., Side-effects of three neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) products on the predator Macrolophus caliginosus Wagner (Het., Miridae), J.Appl.Entomol. (2001) 125, 397-402.

English

EFFECTS OF AZADIRACHTIN ON THE SUNN PEST, EURYGASTER INTEGRICEPS PUT. (HETEROPTERA, SCUTELLERIDAE) IN THE LABORATORY

To investigate the effect of azadirachtin on different stages of the sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps Put. (Het., Scutelleridae) in the laboratory, a commercial neem insecticide (NeemAzal T/S) was applied at dose of 0.5 % by dipping insects. No effect was observed for 1. instar nymphs at 1 day after application, although adults had slightly effect (20 %). Adults and nymphs were infl uenced 7 days after the treatment and mortality rates for adults and nymphs were recorded 44.0 and 51.9 %, respectively. The hatching of treated eggs was reduced than control. These results indicate that NeemAzal T/S may be used in integrated sunn pest management, but should be evaluated for fi eld efficacy

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ORIGINAL PAPER157Volume 6 (2005) No. 2 (157-160)EFFECTS OF AZADIRACHTIN ON THE SUNN PEST, EURYGASTER INTEGRICEPS PUT. (HETEROPTERA, SCUTELLERIDAE) IN THE LABORATORY Müjgan KIVANTrakya University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, 59030 Tekirdag, Turkeye-mail: kivan@tu.tzf.edu.tr or mujgankivan@hotmail.com, Tel: +90-282.2931442,Fax: +90.282.2931454Manuscript received: August 28, 2004; Reviewed: March 18, 2005; Accepted for publication: April 27, 2005ABSTRACTTo investigate the effect of azadirachtin on different stages of the sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps Put. (Het., Scutelleridae) in the laboratory, a commercial neem insecticide (NeemAzal T/S) was applied at dose of 0.5 % by dipping insects. No effect was observed for 1. instar nymphs at 1 day after application, although adults had slightly effect (20 %). Adults and nymphs were inﬂ uenced 7 days after the treatment and mortality rates for adults and nymphs were recorded 44.0 and 51.9 %, respectively. The hatching of treated eggs was reduced than control. These results indicate that NeemAzal T/S may be used in integrated sunn pest management, but should be evaluated for ﬁ eld efﬁ cacy.KEY WORDS: The sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps, azadirachtin, pest control158 Journal of Central European Agriculture Vol 6 (2005) No 2Müjgan KIVANINTRODUCTIONIn recent years, use of natural insecticides has increased because of some problems, for example environmental pollution, development of resistance and effects on nontarget organisms in use of synthetic insecticides. Azadirachtin is one of natural insecticide from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.). Different commercial neem insecticides probably have several modes of action. Primary of which is an interference with the neuroendocrine system in insects which controls the synthesis of ecdysone and juvenile hormone, and others are a more direct role in the inhibition of molting, the antifeedant and growth regulating effects. Other secondary effects that have been studied include repellency, antioviposition, sterility, fecundity reduction, loss of ﬂ ying ability, disrupting sexual communication, and reducing guttural motility [8].This active ingredient is reported to have numerous effects on about 400 insects [15, 10]. Because of toxicity with minimal effect of natural enemies, neem-based insecticides seems to have a potentially important in integrated pest management (IPM).programmes [15, 19, 2, 11, 17].The sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps Put. (Het., Scutelleridae) is a Palearctic species and the most destructive pest of wheat and other Graminae. It causes important economic injuriousness in Turkey. Control of sunn pest is mainly based on chemical control, but control operations are conducted in an IPM context [3].There are various commercial azadirachtin formulations. In this study, one of different commercial neem insecticides, NeemAzal T/S was tested. The objective was to determine the potential insecticidal effect of the preparation against E. integriceps.MATERIAL AND METHODSE. integriceps adults were collected from overwintering sites on leaf litter of oak and Cistus sp. in Tekirdag, Turkey and maintained on potted wheat plants covered with cages (20x27 cm) at 26±1 oC and 16 h light : 8 h dark conditions [9]. The eggs and nymphs were reared from the adults.NeemAzal T/S, containing 1 % azadirachtin (Trifolio-M GmbH, Lachnau, Germany) was applied at dose of 0.5 %. The overwintered adults, 1. instar nymphs and newly laid eggs (1 day old) were dipped into the neem concentration for 3 second. Control eggs were dipped in distilled water. After application, all individuals were left to dry on desiccate paper and then the adults were placed on potted wheat mentioned above. The treated eggs were put into 5 cm diameter petri dishes. The treated nymphs were transferred on a wheat leaf and ear in 10 cm diameter petri dishes, with the bottom covered with ﬁ tler paper. The wheat leaf was renewed in 3 days. 10 adults, 20 nymphs and two egg masses (27-28 eggs) were used for each replication. The adult and egg treatments were replicated ﬁ ve times and the nymph treatment was replicated four.The mortality was recorded after 1, 3, 7 and 10 days for nymphs and adults and after only 7 days for the eggs because of waiting to hatch. The data of mortality were corrected by Abbott’s Formula [1]. Percentage egg hatch, mortality adults and nymphs were normalized through arc-sin (angular) transformation before they were submited to t-test (p=0.05).RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONEffects on nymphs and adultsInitial contact mortality of all individuals of E. integriceps is shown Figure 1. No effect was observed for 1. instar nymphs at 1 day after application, although adults had slightly effect (20 %). It is evident that NeemAzal T/S did not give signiﬁ cant mortality on both adults and nymphs during the ﬁ rst 3 days after treatment. However, the mortality was signiﬁ cantly different at 7 days after application for all the stages of E. integriceps (Table 1, p=0.05). At the same time, the effectiveness became not signiﬁ cant at 10 days after application for the nymphs, although mortality increased (Table 1).This result is to be expected, as azadirachtin has sublethal and chronic effects on pests and it has generally antifeedant activity [13, 14]. It is not known for its ability to kill insects outright (18) and may take well in excess of seven days to do so.There are no literature on effect of NeemAzal T/S against E. integriceps. However, some research has been done on heteropteran insects with some different neem products. 8.162.0030.0042.603.2539.0431.840204060801001 3 7 10time after application (days)corrected mortality (%)AdultNymphEggFigure 1. Corrected mortality on different stages of Eurygaster integriceps after NeemAzal T/S application at 1, 3, 7 and 10 days.EFFECTS OF AZADIRACHTIN ON THE SUNN PEST, EURYGASTER INTEGRICEPS PUT. (HETEROPTERA, SCUTELLERIDAE) IN THE LABORATORY159J. Cent. Eur. Agric. (2005) 6:2, 157-160Stage TreatmentStatistical valueMortality (%)3 days 7 days 10 daysAdultControlNeemAzal T/S2.0±2.010.0±4.520.0±4.544.0±9.3t value 2.05 2.39EggControlNeemAzal T/S6.1±1.936.0±3.9t value 8.01NymphControlNeemAzal T/S10.8±7.813.8±5.521.1±12.251.9±9.766.2±4.780.6±7.7t value 0.70 2.58 1.48Table 1. Contact toxicity of NeemAzal T/S on different stages of Eurygaster integricepsThe duration of the ﬁ fth instar nymphs of Nezara viridula (L.) (Het., Pentatomidae) did not affected by the treatment with azadirachtin, however, at the highest doses all the insects died during the moulting process and it caused the appearence of a high percentage of adults with some nymphal characteristics [12] Durmusoglu et al. [5] recorded that NeemAzal T/S have no signiﬁ cant effect on adults, although it was more effective on nymphs. Authors concluded that this product had potential with insecticidal efﬁ cacy of 60 %. Azadirachtin was found to signiﬁ cantly decrease the number of feeding sites by the pentatomid N. viridula on pecan nuts [16]. Sutherland et al. [18] assessed that antifeedant and ovipositional deterrent tests demonstrated good activity in reducing Oebalus poecilus (Dallas) (Het., Pentatomidae) feding damage but not oviposition.Topical application of neem seed extract to third instar nymphs of Perillus bioculatus (F.) (Het., Pentatomidae) delayed moulting and caused deformities after the moult in some insects [7]. It was effective as the synthetic insecticide widely recommended for pod sucking bugs, Clavigralla spp. (Het., Coreidae), Aspavia armigera (F.) (Het., Pentatomidae) and Riptortus dentipes (F.) (Het., Alydidae) in Ghana [20] Direct toxicity tests on 1st instar nymphs of the predator Macrolophus caliginosus Wagner (Het., Miridae) showed azadirachtin was harmful to the insects, but the short persistence made this active ingredient a promising solution in integrated pest management programmes [21].Effects on eggsThe effectiveness of azadirachtin on the eggs was recorded signiﬁ cantly high rates after 7 days when it was compared with control eggs (Table 1). Although the hatching of treated eggs was reduced than control, it was slightly effect. Because the mortality of eggs was recorded 36.0 % only.There are not results regarding E. integriceps eggs and there are different results according to different heteropteran species. Dorn [4] assessed that topical treatment of normal eggs with an acetone solution of azadirachtin had no effect on hatchability of Oncopeltus fasciatus Dallas (Het., Lygaeidae) eggs. Volatiles of neem seed had also no effect on egg hatch in Clavigralla tomentosicollis Stal (Het., Coreidae), but egg viability was found to decrease with increasing concentrations of the extracts [6] NeemAzal T/S have no signiﬁ cant effect on newly laid eggs, but more effective on old laid eggs for N. viridula [5].As a result of this study, it is concluded that NeemAzal T/S gave slightly insecticidal efﬁ cacy against E. integriceps with concentration of 0.5 % according to manufacturers’ recommendations, but this effect was signiﬁ cantly different than control. So that, higher concentrations of NeemAzal T/S could provide suitable alternatives into an IPM program, nevertheless, further research is needed to determine the chronic antifeedant and antioviposition effects on E. integriceps. In addition, it should be assessed for ﬁ eld efﬁ cacy.REFERENCES[1] Abbott, W.S., A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide, J. Econ.Entomol. (1925) 160 Journal of Central European Agriculture Vol 6 (2005) No 2Müjgan KIVAN18: 265-267.[2] Akol, A.M.; Sithanantham, S.; Njagi, P.G.N.; Varela, A.; Mueke, J.M., Relative safety of sprays of two neem insecticides to Diadegma mollipla (Holmgren), a parasitoid of diamondback moth: effects on adult longevity and foraging behaviour, Crop Protection (2002) 21, 853-859.[3] Boussini, M. El.; Canhilal, R.; Hassan, A.A., Integrated management of Sunn Pest: A safe alternative to chemical control, Caravan (2002) 16, 37-38.[4] Dorn, A., Effects of azadirachtin on reproduction and egg development of the heteropteran Oncopeltus fasciatus Dallas, J.Appl.Ent. (1986) 102, 313-319. [5] Durmusoglu, E.; Karsavuran, Y; Ozgen, I.; Guncan, A., Effects of two different neem products on different stages of Nezara viridula (L.) (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae), J. Pest Science (2003) 76, 151-154.[6] Ekesi, S., Effect of volatiles and crude extracts of different plant materials on egg viability of Maruca vitrata and Clavigralla tomentosicollis, Phytoparasitica (2000) 28, 305-310.[7] Hough-Goldstein,J.; Keil, C.B., Prospects for integrated control of the Colorado potato betle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) using Perillus bioculatus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and various pesticides, J.Econ.Entomol. (1991) 84, 1645-1651.[8] Howatt, K., Azadirachta indica: One tree’s Arsenal against pests, (1994) www.colostate.edu/Depts/Entomology/ courses/ en570/papers/howatt.html.[9] Kivan, M., Investigations on the biology of Trissolcus semisrtiatus Nees (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) an egg parasitoid of Eurygaster integriceps Put. (Heteroptera: Scutelleridae), Turk.J.Entomol. (1998) 22, 243-257 (in Turkish).[10] Kleeberg, H.; Hummel, E., NeemAzal TM-T/S-Experience and possibility in biological plant protection system, in: Faria, S.; Kleeberg, H. (Eds.), Practice oriented results on use and production of plant extracts and pheromones in integrated and biological pest control. 1. Workshop, Uberaba, Brazil, 2001, pp. [11] Raguraman, S.; Singh, R.P., Biological effects of neem (Azadirachta indica) seed oil on an egg parasitoid, Trichogramma chilonis, J.Econ.Entomol. (1999) 92, 1274-1280.[12] Riba, M.; Marti, J.; Sans, A., Inﬂ uence of azadirachtin on development and reproduction of Nezara viridula L. (Het., Pentatomidae), J.Appl.Ent. (2003) 127, 37-41.[13] Schmutterer, H., Potential of azadirachtin-containing pesticides for integrated pest control in developing and industrialized countries, J.Insect Physiol. (1988) 34, 713-719.[14] Schmutterer, H., Properties and potential of natural pesticides from the neem tree, Azadirachta indica, Ann.Rev.Entomol. (1990) 35, 271-297.[15] Schmutterer, H., Side-effects of neem (Azadirachta indica) products on insect pathogens and natural enemies of spider mites and insects, J.Appl.Entomol. (1997) 121, 121-128.[16] Seymour, J.; Bowman, G.; Crouch, M., Effect of neem seed extract on feeding frequency of Nezara viridula L. (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) on pecan nuts, J.Aust.Entomol.Soc. (1995) 34, 221-223[17] Simmonds, M.S.J.; Manlove, J.D.; Blaney, W.M.; Khambay, B.P.S., Effect of botanical insecticides on the foraging and feeding behavior of the coccinellid predator Cryptoleamus montrouzieri, Phytoparasitica (2000) 28(2): [18] Sutherland, J.P.; Baharally, V.; Permaul, D., Use of the botanical insecticide, neem to control the small rice stinkbug Oebalus poecilus (Dallas, 1851) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Guyana, Entotmotropica (2002) 17, 97-101.[19] Tang, Y.Q.; Weathersbee III, A.A.; Mayer, R.T., Effect of neem seed extract on Brown citrus aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) and its parasitoid Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae), Environ.Entomol. (2002) 31, 172-176.[20] Tanzubil, P. 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EFFECTS OF AZADIRACHTIN ON THE SUNN PEST, EURYGASTER INTEGRICEPS PUT. (HETEROPTERA, SCUTELLERIDAE) IN THE LABORATORY

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