ЯКІСТЬ КИСЛОВЕРШКОВИХ СПРЕДІВ, ВИГОТОЛЕНИХ МЕТОДОМ ПЕРЕТВОРЕННЯ ЖИРОВОЇ СУМІШІ

Quality of sour–cream spread during storage at the temperature (5–0) ºС is investigated. Quantity of aromatic compounds depends on initial acidity of plasma of productss, that conditioned by the dose of the brought of starter is showned. In made sour–cream spread by the method of transformation of fatty mixture at the temperature of storage (5–0) ºC microbiological processes are slowed, the amount of starter microflora reduced. The contents of basic aromatic compounds (diacetyl, volatile organic acids) in products  also has a tendency to the decline. Use of dairy starter in an amount 6–8 % at the production of spreads with fatty basis of milk fat: substitute o  milk fat 50:50 and 8 % in ratio 25:75 provides the receipt of sour–cream spreads with more by intensive taste and aroma is determined. Exactly at these doses of starter in an equal degree shows the effect of aromatic substances, acidity of fatty phase and plasma.  Исследовано качество кислосливочных спредов во время  хранения при температуре (5–0) ºС. Показано, что содержание ароматических соединений зависит от исходной кислотности плазмы продуктов, что обусловленно дозой внесенной закваски.В изготовленных кислосливочных спредах методом превращения жировой смеси при температуре хранения (5–0) ºС микробиологические процессы замедляются, количество заквасочной микрофлоры снижается.Содержание основных ароматических веществ (диацетил, летучие органические кислоты) в продуктах  также имеет тенденцию к снижению.Установлено, что внесение закваски в количестве 6–8 % при производстве спредов с жировой основой МЖ:ЗМЖ 50:50 и 8 % в соотношении 25:75 обеспечивает получение кислосливочного спреда с более вираженным вкусом и ароматом. Именно при этих дозах закваски в равной степени в продуктах проявляется эффект вкусо–ароматических веществ, кислотность жировой фазы и плазмы.Досліджено якість кисловершкових спредів під упродовж зберігання за температури –(5–0) ºС. Показано, що вміст основних ароматичних сполук залежить від вихідної кислотності плазми продуктів,  яка обумовлена дозою внесеної закваски. У виготовлених поточним способом кисловершкокових спредах методом перетворення жирової суміші за температури зберігання –(5–0) ºС мікробіологічні процеси сповільнюються, кількість заквашувальної мікрофлори спадає. Основні ароматичні речовини (діацетил, леткі органічні кислоти) у продуктах  мають також тенденцію до зниження. Встановлено, що використання закваски у кількості 6–8 % для виробництва спредів з жировою основою МЖ:ЗМЖ 50:50 та 8 % для спредів у співвідношенні 25:75 забезпечує отримання кисловершкового спреду з найвираженішим смаком та ароматом, стабільним при зберіганні. Саме за цих доз закваски у рівній мірі в продуктах проявляється ефект смако–ароматичних речовин, кислотність жирової фази і плазми. &nbsp

The importance of the intensity and frequency of perturbations on the germination delay

An iterative model is developed to evaluate the reproductive strategies of plants in environments with different frequencies and intensities of disturbance. Two extreme reproductive strategies are compared: the ‘‘homocarpic’’ strategy, in which all the seeds germinate the following spring, without dormancy, and the ‘‘heterocarpic’’ strategy, whereby, each year, half of the existing seeds germinate. It is observed that this sort of heterocarpy is beneficial in environments with strong perturbations, in which a high percentage of the population dies. However, the frequency of such perturbations does not cause changes in the advantage of one strategy over the other. The results suggest that the intensity of the disturbance is much more important than the frequency

Few multiyear precipitation-reduction experiments find a shift in the productivity-precipitation relationship

Well-defined productivity–precipitation relationships of ecosystems are needed as benchmarks for the validation of land models used for future projections. The productivity–precipitation relationship may be studied in two ways: the spatial approach relates differences in productivity to those in precipitation among sites along a precipitation gradient (the spatial fit, with a steeper slope); the temporal approach relates interannual productivity changes to variation in precipitation within sites (the temporal fits, with flatter slopes). Precipitation–reduction experiments in natural ecosystems represent a complement to the fits, because they can reduce precipitation below the natural range and are thus well suited to study potential effects of climate drying. Here, we analyse the effects of dry treatments in eleven multiyear precipitation–manipulation experiments, focusing on changes in the temporal fit. We expected that structural changes in the dry treatments would occur in some experiments, thereby reducing the intercept of the temporal fit and displacing the productivity–precipitation relationship downward the spatial fit. The majority of experiments (72%) showed that dry treatments did not alter the temporal fit. This implies that current temporal fits are to be preferred over the spatial fit to benchmark land-model projections of productivity under future climate within the precipitation ranges covered by the experiments. Moreover, in two experiments, the intercept of the temporal fit unexpectedly increased due to mechanisms that reduced either water loss or nutrient loss. The expected decrease of the intercept was observed in only one experiment, and only when distinguishing between the late and the early phases of the experiment. This implies that we currently do not know at which precipitation–reduction level or at which experimental duration structural changes will start to alter ecosystem productivity. Our study highlights the need for experiments with multiple, including more extreme, dry treatments, to identify the precipitation boundaries within which the current temporal fits remain valid

Habitat-related seed germination traits in alpine habitats

Understanding the key aspects of plant regeneration from seeds is crucial in assessing species assembly to their habitats. However, the regenerative traits of seed dormancy and germination are underrepresented in this context. In the alpine zone, the large species and microhabitat diversity provide an ideal context to assess habitat-related regenerative strategies. To this end, seeds of 53 species growing in alpine siliceous and calcareous habitats (6230 and 6170 of EU Directive 92/43, respectively) were exposed to different temperature treatments under controlled laboratory conditions. Germination strategies in each habitat were identified by clustering with k-means. Then, phylogenetic least squares correlations (PGLS) were fitted to assess germination and dormancy differences between species' main habitat (calcareous and siliceous), microhabitat (grasslands, heaths, rocky, and species with no specific microhabitats), and chorology (arctic-alpine and continental). Calcareous and siliceous grasslands significantly differ in their germination behaviour with a slow, mostly overwinter germination and high germination under all conditions, respectively. Species with high overwinter germination occurs mostly in heaths and have an arctic-alpine distribution. Meanwhile, species with low or high germinability in general inhabit in grasslands or have no specific microhabitat (they belong to generalist), respectively. Alpine species use different germination strategies depending on habitat provenance, species' main microhabitat, and chorotype. Such differences may reflect adaptations to local environmental conditions and highlight the functional role of germination and dormancy in community ecology

Successful Inhibition of Tumor Development by Specific Class-3 Semaphorins Is Associated with Expression of Appropriate Semaphorin Receptors by Tumor Cells

The class-3 semaphorins (sema3s) include seven family members. Six of them bind to neuropilin-1 (np1) or neuropilin-2 (np2) receptors or to both, while the seventh, sema3E, binds to the plexin-D1 receptor. Sema3B and sema3F were previously characterized as tumor suppressors and as inhibitors of tumor angiogenesis. To determine if additional class-3 semaphorins such as sema3A, sema3D, sema3E and sema3G possess anti-angiogenic and anti-tumorigenic properties, we expressed the recombinant full length semaphorins in four different tumorigenic cell lines expressing different combinations of class-3 semaphorin receptors. We show for the first time that sema3A, sema3D, sema3E and sema3G can function as potent anti-tumorigenic agents. All the semaphorins we examined were also able to reduce the concentration of tumor associated blood vessels although the potencies of the anti-angiogenic effects varied depending on the tumor cell type. Surprisingly, there was little correlation between the ability to inhibit tumor angiogenesis and their anti-tumorigenic activity. None of the semaphorins inhibited the adhesion of the tumor cells to plastic or fibronectin nor did they modulate the proliferation of tumor cells cultured in cell culture dishes. However, various semaphorins were able to inhibit the formation of soft agar colonies from tumor cells expressing appropriate semaphorin receptors, although in this case too the inhibitory effect was not always correlated with the anti-tumorigenic effect. In contrast, the anti-tumorigenic effect of each of the semaphorins correlated very well with tumor cell expression of specific signal transducing receptors for particular semaphorins. This correlation was not broken even in cases in which the tumor cells expressed significant concentrations of endogenous semaphorins. Our results suggest that combinations of different class-3 semaphorins may be more effective than single semaphorins in cases in which tumor cells express more than one type of semaphorin receptors

Semaphorin 3A Suppresses Tumor Growth and Metastasis in Mice Melanoma Model

<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Recent understanding on cancer therapy indicated that targeting metastatic signature or angiogenic switch could be a promising and rational approach to combat cancer. Advancement in cancer research has demonstrated the potential role of various tumor suppressor proteins in inhibition of cancer progression. Current studies have shown that axonal sprouting inhibitor, semaphorin 3A (Sema 3A) acts as a potent suppressor of tumor angiogenesis in various cancer models. However, the function of Sema 3A in regulation of melanoma progression is not well studied, and yet to be the subject of intense investigation.</p> <h3>Methodology/Principal Findings</h3><p>In this study, using multiple <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> approaches we have demonstrated that Sema 3A acts as a potent tumor suppressor <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> mice (C57BL/6) models. Mouse melanoma (B16F10) cells overexpressed with Sema 3A resulted in significant inhibition of cell motility, invasiveness and proliferation as well as suppression of <em>in vivo</em> tumor growth, angiogenesis and metastasis in mice models. Moreover, we have observed that Sema 3A overexpressed melanoma clone showed increased sensitivity towards curcumin and Dacarbazine, anti-cancer agents.</p> <h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Our results demonstrate, at least in part, the functional approach underlying Sema 3A mediated inhibition of tumorigenesis and angiogenesis and a clear understanding of such a process may facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cancer.</p> </div