Relative representations for cognitive graphs

Although the latent spaces learned by distinct neural networks are not generally directly comparable, recent work in machine learning has shown that it is possible to use the similarities and differences among latent space vectors to derive "relative representations" with comparable representational power to their "absolute" counterparts, and which are nearly identical across models trained on similar data distributions. Apart from their intrinsic interest in revealing the underlying structure of learned latent spaces, relative representations are useful to compare representations across networks as a generic proxy for convergence, and for zero-shot model stitching. In this work we examine an extension of relative representations to discrete state-space models, using Clone-Structured Cognitive Graphs (CSCGs) for 2D spatial localization and navigation as a test case. Our work shows that the probability vectors computed during message passing can be used to define relative representations on CSCGs, enabling effective communication across agents trained using different random initializations and training sequences, and on only partially similar spaces. We introduce a technique for zero-shot model stitching that can be applied post hoc, without the need for using relative representations during training. This exploratory work is intended as a proof-of-concept for the application of relative representations to the study of cognitive maps in neuroscience and AI.Comment: 19 pages, 1 table, 6 figures. Accepted paper at the 4th International Workshop on Active Inference (Ghent, Belgium 2023

Picosecond time-resolved pure-rotational coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy for N-2 thermometry

This paper was published in Optics Letters and is made available as an electronic reprint with the permission of OSA. The paper can be found at the following URL on the OSA website: http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-34-23-3755. Systematic or multiple reproduction or distribution to multiple locations via electronic or other means is prohibited and is subject to penalties under law.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Comparison of Direct Staffing Costs of Advanced Practice Providers and Residents in a High Acuity Area of a Community Emergency Department

Background: Resident physicians and advanced practice providers (APPs) both have roles in providing care within emergency departments (ED). While both bring unique skill sets and capabilities to the health care team, little is known about the comparative financial impact of APPs and residents in a community ED. The objective of this study was to compare direct staffing costs per relative value unit (RVU) generated of emergency medicine (EM) residents and APPs in a community ED setting. Methods: This was a retrospective, observational analysis of RVU productivity of resident physicians and APPs in the high acuity area of a community ED. Billing data was acquired to determine RVUs generated by both APPs and residents when supervised by an attending physician. Direct costs and hours worked were used to calculate RVUs/hour and direct costs/hour. Direct cost/RVU generated were calculated for the four specific groups of providers (PGY1, PGY2, PGY3, and APP). Results: During the study period, APPs generated 2.88 RVUs/hour. Residents generated 2.01, 3.00, and 3.49 RVUs/hour respectively from PGY1 to PGY3. When the RVU data was combined with scheduled hours and direct costs for both groups, APPs were found to cost $22.46 per RVU generated. The average cost of a resident throughout three years of residency training is approximately$12.38 per RVU generated. Conclusion: In a high acuity area of a community ED, EM residents generate more RVUs/hour than APPs after completion of their PGY1 year. Given the lower direct hourly cost of a resident compared with an APP, the direct cost of a resident to assist an attending to generate RVUs is less than that of their APP counterparts during all three years of training. This suggests that community hospitals should consider sponsoring EM residency positions over hiring APPs for use in the high acuity setting

Rapid Assembly of Small Materials Building Blocks (Voxels) into Large Functional 3D Metamaterials

Herein, various 3D additive manufacturing approaches are reviewed in terms of two important figures of merit: maximum voxel printing rate and minimum voxel size. Voxel sizes from several 100 µm down to the 100 nm scale are covered. Original results on multifocus two‐photon printing at around voxel printing rates of 107 voxels s−1 are presented in this context, which significantly surpass previous best values. These advances are illustrated by and applied to the making of microstructured 3D (chiral) mechanical metamaterials that are composed of more than one‐hundred‐thousand unit cells in three dimensions. Previous best values for unit cells of similar complexity are smaller by two orders of magnitude

Introducing Medical Students into the Emergency Department: The Impact upon Patient Satisfaction

Introduction: Performance on patient satisfaction surveys is becoming increasingly important for practicing emergency physicians and the introduction of learners into a new clinical environment may impact such scores. This study aimed to quantify the impact of introducing fourth-year medical students on patient satisfaction in two university-affiliated community emergency departments (EDs). Methods: Two community-based EDs in the Indiana University Health (IUH) system began hosting medical students in March 2011 and October 2013, respectively. We analyzed responses from patient satisfaction surveys at each site for seven months before and after the introduction of students. Two components of the survey, “Would you recommend this ED to your friends and family?” and “How would you rate this facility overall?” were selected for analysis, as they represent the primary questions reviewed by the Center for Medicare Services (CMS) as part of value-based purchasing. We evaluated the percentage of positive responses for adult, pediatric, and all patients combined. Results: Analysis did not reveal a statistically significant difference in the percentage of positive response for the “would you recommend” question at both clinical sites with regards to the adult and pediatric subgroups, as well as the all-patient group. At one of the sites, there was significant improvement in the percentage of positive response to the “overall rating” question following the introduction of medical students when all patients were analyzed (60.3% to 68.2%, p=0.038). However, there was no statistically significant difference in the “overall rating” when the pediatric or adult subgroups were analyzed at this site and no significant difference was observed in any group at the second site. Conclusion: The introduction of medical students in two community-based EDs is not associated with a statistically significant difference in overall patient satisfaction, but was associated with a significant positive effect on the overall rating of the ED at one of the two clinical sites studied. Further study is needed to evaluate the effect of medical student learners upon patient satisfaction in settings outside of a single health system

Strukturális magyar nyelvtan. 4. A szótár szerkezete = Structural grammar of Hungarian. 4. The structure of the lexicon

A kutatás célja a -Magyar strukturális nyelvtan 4., a mentális szótár szerkezetéről szóló kötetének elkészítése. A szótári információk szerteágazó és rendkívül gazdag voltából következően a kutatás esettanulmányok elkészítésére törekedett. Az igékről hat esettanulmány készült: az első az igék szemantikája és a szintaktikai alternációk közötti összefüggést vizsgálja, a második az implicit vonzatok kérdésével foglalkozik, a harmadik témája a határozatlan argumentumok problémája, a negyediké az igék eseményszerkezete és az aspektus összefüggései, az ötödiké az igei poliszémia, végül a hatodiké az igei vonzatkeret ábrázolásának problémái. Külön-külön esettanulmány készült a relációs főnevekről, a melléknevek szemantikájáról, a mellérendelő kötőszókról, a funkcionális kategóriákról és a partikulákról. Általánosabb témákat vesz célba a ?Morfofonológia a szótárban? c. esettanulmány, a mentális szótár pszicholingvisztikai aspektusairól szóló tanulmány, valamint a szótár korpusznyelvészeti vonatkozásaival foglalkozó tanulmány. Az elkészült mű összesen 14 esettanulmányt tartalmaz kb. 800 lap terjedelemben. A kutatás egyes részkérdései külön könyvben jelentek meg, így az OTKA kutatás keretében készült el és jelent meg egy-egy könyv a modalitásról, az aspektusról és akcióminőségről, valamint a szóképzésről. A "Jelentéselmélet" új kiadásának néhány fejezete is az ennek a kutatásnak az eredménye. (Megjegyzés: A Strukturális magyar nyelvtan 4. kötetében két olyan fejezet is szerepel, melynek anyaga nem képezte jelen kutatás témáját, de tartalmilag kapcsolódik hozzá.) | The aim of the research was the preparation of the fourth volume of the structural grammar of Hungarian to be devoted to the structure of the lexicon. In view of the extreme richness of the lexical information and its ramifications the research was confined to prepare case studies on the various domains of the lexicon. Six such case studies are devoted to the lexical structure of verbs: the first study examines the interrelationship between verbal semantics and syntactic alternations, the second deals with the problems of implicit arguments, the third with the lexical aspects of the indefiniteness effect, the fourth with event structure and aspect, the fifth with polysemy, and the sixth with heneral questions of the argument structure of verbs. Separate studies deal with relational nouns, with the semantics of adjectives, with coordinating conjunctions, with functional categories and with particles. More general topics are dealt with in the study on morphophonological aspects of lexical representations, in the study on psycholinguistics aspects of the mental lexicon and in the study on the contribution of corpus linguistics to the study of the lexicon. The volume contains 14 chapters (approximately 800 pages). Some results of the research were published in separate volumes (one on modality, another one on aspect and aktionsart, a third one on derivational morphology and the lexicon). (Note: In vol. 4 of A structural grammar of Hungarian, there are two chapters that did not emerge as a result of the present project, but they are thematically related to it.

The “Ebb and Flow” of Documentation: Does the Transition Between Two Electronic Medical Records Systems Affect Emergency Department Efficiency?

Background: Electronic Medical Record (EMR) systems are electronic databases for compiling patient records. As healthcare networks expand, it is critical for providers to have access to patient data more broadly. As a result individual healthcare facilities must adjust to enterprise wide EMRs. Objective: This study examined the operational effects of transitioning from an Emergency Department (ED) specific EMR to an enterprise wide EMR by evaluating throughput metrics in a community ED. Methods: During a 6-month transition period (July-December 2017) in a community-based, academic ED located in North Central West Virginia, length of stay (LOS) and the following operational metrics were analyzed: door-to-provider times, door to disposition time, average LOS, left without treatment (LWOT) rates, and total ED volumes. These metrics were compared with the prior year’s same 6-month period to account for seasonal variability in patient pathology or ED volumes. Results: Overall, there was a statistically significant increase in the LOS measures, including door-to-provider time (p=0.0003), door to disposition time (p Conclusion: An ED-specific EMR to enterprise wide EMR transition in a community ED had a negative effect on the overall efficiency of the emergency department

Lower-Third Standardized Letters of Evaluation in Emergency Medicine: Does Gender Make a Difference in Match Outcome?

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine whether gender influences the likelihood of receiving a lowerthird global assessment (GA) on the standardized letter of evaluation (SLOE) submitted as part of the emergency medicine (EM) application process as well as the impact of gender on ultimate match outcomes for applicants receiving a lower-third GA ranking. Our hypothesis was that female applicants with a lowerthird GA ranking have a higher risk of not matching. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study evaluating U.S.-based allopathic applicants to a single EM residency program in the Mid-Atlantic region during the 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 match cycles. GA SLOE rankings and gender for all applicants were extracted and compared to the National Resident Matching Program (NRMP) data for each applicant on match outcome. Comparative analyses were conducted between gender and SLOE GA rankings in order to obtain an odds ratio (OR) of gender and match outcomes. Results A total of 2,017 SLOEs were reviewed from 798 applicants in the 2018 and 2019 EM match cycles. Overall, 716 (90%) applicants successfully matched in EM, with 82 (10%) applicants failing to match into EM; 277 students had at least one lower-third GA ranking. For all applicants, having at least one lower-third GA ranking was associated with a significant risk of not matching (OR: 0.20; 95% CI: 0.12-0.34). Of the 277 students with at least one lower-third GA ranking, 85 (31%) were female and 192 (69%) were male. Of the female applicants with a lower-third GA ranking, 15 (18%) failed to match in EM, and 39 (20%) of the males failed to match in EM. For applicants with a lower-third GA ranking, female gender alone was not associated with a significantly increased risk of not matching (OR: 1.18; 95% CI: 0.61-2.21). Conclusions Female applicants receive a lower-third GA ranking less frequently than their male counterparts. One or more lower-third rankings on the GA significantly reduced an applicant’s chances of matching into an EM program. For those with a lower-third GA ranking, female gender alone does not significantly increase the risk of not matching into EM

Supervised structure learning

This paper concerns structure learning or discovery of discrete generative models. It focuses on Bayesian model selection and the assimilation of training data or content, with a special emphasis on the order in which data are ingested. A key move - in the ensuing schemes - is to place priors on the selection of models, based upon expected free energy. In this setting, expected free energy reduces to a constrained mutual information, where the constraints inherit from priors over outcomes (i.e., preferred outcomes). The resulting scheme is first used to perform image classification on the MNIST dataset to illustrate the basic idea, and then tested on a more challenging problem of discovering models with dynamics, using a simple sprite-based visual disentanglement paradigm and the Tower of Hanoi (cf., blocks world) problem. In these examples, generative models are constructed autodidactically to recover (i.e., disentangle) the factorial structure of latent states - and their characteristic paths or dynamics