Language contact and lexical change: a lexicographical terminographical interface in Zimbabwean ndebele

In this article linguistic changes and/or developments in the Ndebele language spoken in Zimbabwe are investigated and analyzed and the implications these have for term creation and standardization through lexicography. This is followed by a brief historical analysis of the nature and causes of language change in Ndebele. The first part of the article gives a brief background of the Ndebele language, highlighting the movement of the Ndebele people from South Africa which provided a fertile ground for the process of language contact and therefore language change. The second part of the article contrasts terminography with lexicography. The Ndebele corpus of both spoken and written material demonstrates a large extent of borrowing and also loss of certain lexical items. Ndebele lexicograpers were expected to introduce some terms for the purposes of popularizing their use and consequently their acceptance. Keywords: ndebele, language contact, lexical change, vocabulary change, lexical engineering, lexicography, terminograph

Considerations for Providing Etymological Information in the "Advanced Ndebele Dictionary" *

This article discusses the presentation of etymological information in the prospective Advanced Ndebele Dictionary (henceforth the AND) which is still in its planning stage. The AND will be a successor to Isichazamazwi SesiNdebele (henceforth the ISN), a medium-sized, general-purpose, monolingual Ndebele dictionary published in 2001. The AND will not just be larger than the ISN, but will be more advanced with regard to the depth and scope of its lexical items and definitions. Whereas the ISN was based on a corpus size of about a million running words, the AND is envis-aged to have as basis a corpus size of about five million. To this end, corpus expansion is an ongo-ing process. Again, unlike its forerunner, the AND will provide additional grammatical informa-tion for each lexical item, including phonetic transcription, tone marking and etymology. It is the inclusion of etymological information in the AND that is critically examined in this article. There is a long tradition of providing etymological information in modern dictionaries from Oxford's New English Dictionary to ALRI's Duramazwi Guru reChiShona. Keywords: etymology, advanced ndebele dictionary, culture, heritage, language contac

On the toughness of thermoplastic polymer nanocomposites as assessed by the essential work of fracture (EWF) approach

The essential work of fracture (EWF) approach is widely used to determine the plane stress fracture toughness of highly ductile polymers and related systems. To shed light on how the toughness is affected by nanofillers EWF-suited model polymers, viz. amorphous copolyester and polypropylene block copolymer were modified by multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT), graphene (GR), boehmite alumina (BA), and organoclay (MMT) in 1 wt% each. EWF tests were performed on deeply double-edge notched tensile-loaded specimens under quasistatic loading conditions. Data reduction occurred by energy partitioning between yielding and necking/tearing. The EWF prerequisites were not met with the nanocomposites containing MWCNT and GR by contrast to those with MMT and BA. Accordingly, the toughness of nanocomposites with homogeneously dispersed and low aspect ratio fillers may be properly determined using the EWF. Results indicated that incorporation of nanofillers may result in an adverse effect between the specific essential and non-essential EWF parameters

Academic staffing patterns in nursing colleges in Natal and Transvaal

The purpose of this study was to determine post structure in Natal and Transvaal nursing colleges, the extent to which these posts are filled by suitably qualified tutors and the workload of the academic staff in relation to post level and qualifications. Two hundred and thirty-three nurse tutors participated in the study. Data were collected by a questionnaire developed by the researcher. Findings revealed that the post structure was similar in Natal and Transvaal nursing colleges and the workload of nurse tutors was recorded

Impact of early initiation versus national standard of care of antiretroviral therapy in Swaziland's public sector health system : study protocol for a stepped-wedge randomized trial

Background: There is robust clinical evidence to support offering early access to antiretroviral treatment (ART) to all HIV-positive individuals, irrespective of disease stage, to both improve patient health outcomes and reduce HIV incidence. However, as the global treatment guidelines shift to meet this evidence, it is still largely unknown if early access to ART for all (also referred to as "treatment as prevention" or " universal test and treat") is a feasible intervention in the resource-limited countries where this approach could have the biggest impact on the course of the HIV epidemics. The MaxART Early Access to ART for All (EAAA) implementation study was designed to determine the feasibility, acceptability, clinical outcomes, affordability, and scalability of offering early antiretroviral treatment to all HIV-positive individuals in Swaziland's public sector health system. Methods: This is a three-year stepped-wedge randomized design with open enrollment for all adults aged 18 years and older across 14 government-managed health facilities in Swaziland's Hhohho Region. Primary endpoints are retention and viral suppression. Secondary endpoints include ART initiation, adherence, drug resistance, tuberculosis, HIV disease progression, patient satisfaction, and cost per patient per year. Sites are grouped to transition two at a time from the control (standard of care) to intervention (EAAA) stage at each four-month step. This design will result in approximately one half of the total observation time to accrue in the intervention arm and the other half in the control arm. Our estimated enrolment number, which is supported by conservative power calculations, is 4501 patients over the course of the 36-month study period. A multidisciplinary, mixed-methods approach will be adopted to supplement the randomized controlled trial and meet the study aims. Additional study components include implementation science, social science, economic evaluation, and predictive HIV incidence modeling. Discussion: A stepped-wedge randomized design is a causally strong and robust approach to determine if providing antiretroviral treatment for all HIV-positive individuals is a feasible intervention in a resource-limited, public sector health system. We expect our study results to contribute to health policy decisions related to the HIV response in Swaziland and other countries in sub-Saharan Africa

First observation of the coexistence of multiple chiral doublet bands and pseudospin doublet bands in the A ≈ 80 mass region

Two nearly degenerate positive-parity bands with the π g2 9/2 ⊗ ν g−1 9/2 configuration and three nearly degenerate negative-parity bands with the π g9/2(p3/2, f5/2) ⊗ ν g−1 9/2 configuration have been identified in 81Kr. They are interpreted as chiral doublet bands and pseudospin-chiral triplet bands, which is supported by the constrained covariant density functional theory and the multiparticle plus rotor model calculations. The present work reports two new chiral configurations π g2 9/2 ⊗ ν g−1 9/2 and π g9/2(p3/2, f5/2) ⊗ ν g−1 9/2, and the first example of pseudospin-chiral triplet bands involving the π (p3/2, f5/2) pseudospin doublet

Financial Accounting 3B

Exam paper for second semester: Financial Accounting 3

Weathering the storm : learning strategies that promote mathematical resilience

Most learner achievement studies tend to focus on identifying individual characteristics, ignoring the learning strategies that promote mathematical resilience. The focus of the study is on the assets embedded in an individual and their interplay with the environment. It is expected that resilience plays a deciding role in learners’ foreground with the potential to affect learner mathematics achievement in constrained environments positively. This study, framed within the socio-ecological perspective of resilience, explored how disadvantaged learners learn mathematics in a disadvantaged environment in the Further Education and Training band in South Africa. A total of nine (five boys and four girls) Grade 12 learners learning mathematics in disadvantaged environments from Johannesburg West and Johannesburg Central districts were purposively selected and one-on-one semi-structured interviews were conducted with them. This thematic report pays attention to the qualitative phase of a broader study that employed a sequential exploratory design that draws from the work of Vygotsky, Carroll and Skovsmose. The framework focuses on the dynamic interactions between learners and the connection between the home and the school. Accordingly, the findings revealed two interrelated themes, namely foreground and growth strategies. These themes make apparent the connection between the context and the interpretation of the context by an individual as translated into decisional processes. Implications for teachers are discussed.http://www.pythagoras.org.za/index.php/pythagorasdm2022Science, Mathematics and Technology Educatio

Gamma ray production cross sections in proton induced reactions on natural Mg, Si and Fe targets over the proton energy range 30 up to 66 MeV

Gamma-ray excitation functions have been measured for 30, 42, 54 and 66 MeV proton beams accelerated onto C + O (Mylar), Mg, Si, and Fe targets of astrophysical interest at the separate-sector cyclotron of iThemba LABS in Somerset West (Cape Town, South Africa). A large solid angle, high energy resolution detection system of the Eurogam type was used to record Gamma-ray energy spectra. Derived preliminary results of Gamma-ray line production cross sections for the Mg, Si and Fe target nuclei are reported and discussed. The current cross section data for known, intense Gamma-ray lines from these nuclei consistently extend to higher proton energies previous experimental data measured up to Ep ~ 25 MeV at the Orsay and Washington tandem accelerators. Data for new Gamma-ray lines observed for the first time in this work are also reported.Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures. IOP Institute of Physics Conference Nuclear Physics in Astrophysics VII, 28th EPF Nuclear Physics Divisional Conference, May 18-22 2015, York, U