Infection par le Cytomégalovirus murin : réponse des lymphocytes T gamma delta et impact sur le développement tumoral

Cytomegalovirus causes serious pathologies in immune-compromised hosts. γδ T cells increase in the peripheral blood of renal transplant recipients concomitantly to a decrease of CMV viral antigenemia, indicating that they participate to the immune response against CMV. Moreover, γδ T cell amplification is associated with a reduced risk of skin cancer in these patients. We chose to use the mouse model of CMV infection to study the capacity of γδ T cells to protect mice against CMVinfection and cancer.We showed that in the absence of αβ T cells in TCRα-/- mice (αβ-γδ+), different γδ T cell subsets are increased in CMV target organs. A concomitant decrease of viral load was observed in TCRα-/- mice which survived CMV infection, in contrast to CD3ε-/- mice which died and displayed damage to the lungs and liver. γδ T cell antiviral protective effect was also observed in the absence of NK, αβ T and B cells, showing the crucial role that these cells could play in immunodeficient contexts where other immune players are compromised.We showed the ability of CMV to inhibit the growth of subcutaneous colonic tumors (MC38) and melanomas (B16F10) in immunodeficient mice, thus revealing an anti-tumor role of CMV independently of immunity and γδ T cells. CMV was able to infect these tumor cell lines in accordance with a direct anti-tumor effect of the virus, through apoptosis (B16F10) or by means of a still unresolved mechanism. Finally, CMV also inhibits the growth of human colonic tumors, leading to the hypothesis that a viral-mediated indirect anti-tumor effect could also operate.L’infection à cytomégalovirus (CMV) cause des pathologies graves en absence d’immunité. Les lymphocytes T (LT) γδ participent à la réponse anti-CMV puisqu’ils s’amplifient dans le sang de patients transplantés rénaux concomitamment à une diminution de la charge virale. D’autre part, l’amplification T γδ est associée à un risque moindre de cancers cutanés chez ces patients. Nous avons choisi d’utiliser le modèle murin de l’infection à CMV afin d’étudier la capacité des LTγδ à protéger les souris contre l’infection et le cancer.Nous avons montré qu’en absence de LTαβ dans des souris TCRα-/- (αβ-γδ+), différentes sous populations de LTγδ s’amplifient dans les organes cibles du CMV. Le contrôle de la charge virale observé in situ suite à leur amplification protège les souris TCRα-/- des dommages hépatiques/pulmonaires et de la mort, alors que les souris CD3ε-/- (αβ-γδ-) succombent à l’infection. Enfin, l’effet protecteur des LTγδ est également observé en absence de NK, de LTαβ et de LB, montrant l’importance que peuvent avoir ces cellules dans un contexte d’immunodéficience touchant les autres acteurs immunitaires.Nous avons montré la capacité du CMV à inhiber la croissance de tumeurs coliques (MC38) et de mélanomes (B16F10) implantés en sous-cutané dans des souris immunodéficientes, révélant un rôle anti-tumoral du CMV indépendant de l’immunité et des LTγδ. La permissivité au CMV de ces lignées tumorales suggère un effet direct du virus, par apoptose (B16F10) ou par un mécanisme encore indéterminé (MC38). Enfin, une inhibition comparable est observée pour une lignée carcinomateuse humaine, présupposant un effet indirect du virus sur le microenvironnement tumoral

Tissue Adaptations of Memory and Tissue-Resident Gamma Delta T Cells

Epithelial and mucosal barriers are critical interfaces physically separating the body from the outside environment and are the tissues most exposed to microorganisms and potential inflammatory agents. The integrity of these tissues requires fine tuning of the local immune system to enable the efficient elimination of invasive pathogens while simultaneously preserving a beneficial relationship with commensal organisms and preventing autoimmunity. Although they only represent a small fraction of circulating and lymphoid T cells, γδ T cells form a substantial population at barrier sites and even outnumber conventional αβ T cells in some tissues. After their egress from the thymus, several γδ T cell subsets naturally establish residency in predetermined mucosal and epithelial locations, as exemplified by the restricted location of murine Vγ5+ and Vγ3Vδ1+ T cell subsets to the intestinal epithelium and epidermis, respectively. Because of their preferential location in barrier sites, γδ T cells are often directly or indirectly influenced by the microbiota or the pathogens that invade these sites. More recently, a growing body of studies have shown that γδ T cells form long-lived memory populations upon local inflammation or bacterial infection, some of which permanently populate the affected tissues after pathogen clearance or resolution of inflammation. Natural and induced resident γδ T cells have been implicated in many beneficial processes such as tissue homeostasis and pathogen control, but their presence may also exacerbate local inflammation under certain circumstances. Further understanding of the biology and role of these unconventional resident T cells in homeostasis and disease may shed light on potentially novel vaccines and therapies

Mucosal CD8 T Cell Responses Are Shaped by Batf3-DC After Foodborne Listeria monocytogenes Infection

While immune responses have been rigorously examined after intravenous Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) infection, less is understood about its dissemination from the intestines or the induction of adaptive immunity after more physiologic models of foodborne infection. Consequently, this study focused on early events in the intestinal mucosa and draining mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) using foodborne infection of mice with Lm modified to invade murine intestinal epithelium (InlAM Lm). InlAM Lm trafficked intracellularly from the intestines to the MLN and were associated with Batf3-independent dendritic cells (DC) in the lymphatics. Consistent with this, InlAM Lm initially disseminated from the gut to the MLN normally in Batf3–/– mice. Activated migratory DC accumulated in the MLN by 3 days post-infection and surrounded foci of InlAM Lm. At this time Batf3–/– mice displayed reduced InlAM Lm burdens, implicating cDC1 in maximal bacterial accumulation in the MLN. Batf3–/– mice also exhibited profound defects in the induction and gut-homing of InlAM Lm-specific effector CD8 T cells. Restoration of pathogen burden did not rescue antigen-specific CD8 T cell responses in Batf3–/– mice, indicating a critical role for Batf3 in generating anti-InlAM Lm immunity following foodborne infection. Collectively, these data suggest that DC play diverse, dynamic roles in the early events following foodborne InlAM Lm infection and in driving the establishment of intestinal Lm-specific effector T cells.Fil: Imperato, Jessica Nancy. Stony Brook University Renaissance School Of Medicine; Estados UnidosFil: Xu, Daqi. Uconn Health; Estados UnidosFil: Romagnoli, Pablo Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Cordoba. Instituto de Investigacion Medica Mercedes y Martin Ferreyra. Grupo Vinculado Centro de Investigacion En Medicina Traslacional Severo R. Amuchastegui - Cimetsa | Universidad Nacional de Cordoba. Instituto de Investigacion Medica Mercedes y Martin Ferreyra. Grupo Vinculado Centro de Investigacion En Medicina Traslacional Severo R. Amuchastegui - Cimetsa | Instituto de Investigacion Medica Mercedes y Martin Ferreyra. Instituto de Investigacion Medica Mercedes y Martin Ferreyra. Grupo Vinculado Centro de Investigacion En Medicina Traslacional Severo R. Amuchastegui - Cimetsa.; ArgentinaFil: Qiu, Zhijuan. Stony Brook University Renaissance School Of Medicine; Estados UnidosFil: Perez, Pedro. Stony Brook University Renaissance School Of Medicine; Estados UnidosFil: Khairallah, Camille. Stony Brook University Renaissance School Of Medicine; Estados UnidosFil: Pham, Quynh Mai. Uconn Health; Estados UnidosFil: Andrusaite, Anna. University of Glasgow; Reino UnidoFil: Bravo Blas, Alberto. The Beatson Institute For Cancer Research; Reino UnidoFil: Milling, Simon W. F.. University of Glasgow; Reino UnidoFil: Lefrancois, Leo. Uconn Health; Estados UnidosFil: Khanna, Kamal M.. University of New York; Estados UnidosFil: Puddington, Lynn. Uconn Health; Estados UnidosFil: Sheridan, Brian S.. Stony Brook University Renaissance School Of Medicine; Estados Unido

PLoS Pathog

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a leading infectious cause of morbidity in immune-compromised patients. γδ T cells have been involved in the response to CMV but their role in protection has not been firmly established and their dependency on other lymphocytes has not been addressed. Using C57BL/6 αβ and/or γδ T cell-deficient mice, we here show that γδ T cells are as competent as αβ T cells to protect mice from CMV-induced death. γδ T cell-mediated protection involved control of viral load and prevented organ damage. γδ T cell recovery by bone marrow transplant or adoptive transfer experiments rescued CD3ε-/- mice from CMV-induced death confirming the protective antiviral role of γδ T cells. As observed in humans, different γδ T cell subsets were induced upon CMV challenge, which differentiated into effector memory cells. This response was observed in the liver and lungs and implicated both CD27+ and CD27- γδ T cells. NK cells were the largely preponderant producers of IFNγ and cytotoxic granules throughout the infection, suggesting that the protective role of γδ T cells did not principally rely on either of these two functions. Finally, γδ T cells were strikingly sufficient to fully protect Rag-/-γc-/- mice from death, demonstrating that they can act in the absence of B and NK cells. Altogether our results uncover an autonomous protective antiviral function of γδ T cells, and open new perspectives for the characterization of a non classical mode of action which should foster the design of new γδ T cell based therapies, especially useful in αβ T cell compromised patients

Murine cytomegalovirus infection : gamma delta T cell response and impact on tumor growth

L’infection à cytomégalovirus (CMV) cause des pathologies graves en absence d’immunité. Les lymphocytes T (LT) γδ participent à la réponse anti-CMV puisqu’ils s’amplifient dans le sang de patients transplantés rénaux concomitamment à une diminution de la charge virale. D’autre part, l’amplification T γδ est associée à un risque moindre de cancers cutanés chez ces patients. Nous avons choisi d’utiliser le modèle murin de l’infection à CMV afin d’étudier la capacité des LTγδ à protéger les souris contre l’infection et le cancer.Nous avons montré qu’en absence de LTαβ dans des souris TCRα-/- (αβ-γδ+), différentes sous populations de LTγδ s’amplifient dans les organes cibles du CMV. Le contrôle de la charge virale observé in situ suite à leur amplification protège les souris TCRα-/- des dommages hépatiques/pulmonaires et de la mort, alors que les souris CD3ε-/- (αβ-γδ-) succombent à l’infection. Enfin, l’effet protecteur des LTγδ est également observé en absence de NK, de LTαβ et de LB, montrant l’importance que peuvent avoir ces cellules dans un contexte d’immunodéficience touchant les autres acteurs immunitaires.Nous avons montré la capacité du CMV à inhiber la croissance de tumeurs coliques (MC38) et de mélanomes (B16F10) implantés en sous-cutané dans des souris immunodéficientes, révélant un rôle anti-tumoral du CMV indépendant de l’immunité et des LTγδ. La permissivité au CMV de ces lignées tumorales suggère un effet direct du virus, par apoptose (B16F10) ou par un mécanisme encore indéterminé (MC38). Enfin, une inhibition comparable est observée pour une lignée carcinomateuse humaine, présupposant un effet indirect du virus sur le microenvironnement tumoral.Cytomegalovirus causes serious pathologies in immune-compromised hosts. γδ T cells increase in the peripheral blood of renal transplant recipients concomitantly to a decrease of CMV viral antigenemia, indicating that they participate to the immune response against CMV. Moreover, γδ T cell amplification is associated with a reduced risk of skin cancer in these patients. We chose to use the mouse model of CMV infection to study the capacity of γδ T cells to protect mice against CMVinfection and cancer.We showed that in the absence of αβ T cells in TCRα-/- mice (αβ-γδ+), different γδ T cell subsets are increased in CMV target organs. A concomitant decrease of viral load was observed in TCRα-/- mice which survived CMV infection, in contrast to CD3ε-/- mice which died and displayed damage to the lungs and liver. γδ T cell antiviral protective effect was also observed in the absence of NK, αβ T and B cells, showing the crucial role that these cells could play in immunodeficient contexts where other immune players are compromised.We showed the ability of CMV to inhibit the growth of subcutaneous colonic tumors (MC38) and melanomas (B16F10) in immunodeficient mice, thus revealing an anti-tumor role of CMV independently of immunity and γδ T cells. CMV was able to infect these tumor cell lines in accordance with a direct anti-tumor effect of the virus, through apoptosis (B16F10) or by means of a still unresolved mechanism. Finally, CMV also inhibits the growth of human colonic tumors, leading to the hypothesis that a viral-mediated indirect anti-tumor effect could also operate

Murine cytomegalovirus infection : gamma delta T cell response and impact on tumor growth

L’infection à cytomégalovirus (CMV) cause des pathologies graves en absence d’immunité. Les lymphocytes T (LT) γδ participent à la réponse anti-CMV puisqu’ils s’amplifient dans le sang de patients transplantés rénaux concomitamment à une diminution de la charge virale. D’autre part, l’amplification T γδ est associée à un risque moindre de cancers cutanés chez ces patients. Nous avons choisi d’utiliser le modèle murin de l’infection à CMV afin d’étudier la capacité des LTγδ à protéger les souris contre l’infection et le cancer.Nous avons montré qu’en absence de LTαβ dans des souris TCRα-/- (αβ-γδ+), différentes sous populations de LTγδ s’amplifient dans les organes cibles du CMV. Le contrôle de la charge virale observé in situ suite à leur amplification protège les souris TCRα-/- des dommages hépatiques/pulmonaires et de la mort, alors que les souris CD3ε-/- (αβ-γδ-) succombent à l’infection. Enfin, l’effet protecteur des LTγδ est également observé en absence de NK, de LTαβ et de LB, montrant l’importance que peuvent avoir ces cellules dans un contexte d’immunodéficience touchant les autres acteurs immunitaires.Nous avons montré la capacité du CMV à inhiber la croissance de tumeurs coliques (MC38) et de mélanomes (B16F10) implantés en sous-cutané dans des souris immunodéficientes, révélant un rôle anti-tumoral du CMV indépendant de l’immunité et des LTγδ. La permissivité au CMV de ces lignées tumorales suggère un effet direct du virus, par apoptose (B16F10) ou par un mécanisme encore indéterminé (MC38). Enfin, une inhibition comparable est observée pour une lignée carcinomateuse humaine, présupposant un effet indirect du virus sur le microenvironnement tumoral.Cytomegalovirus causes serious pathologies in immune-compromised hosts. γδ T cells increase in the peripheral blood of renal transplant recipients concomitantly to a decrease of CMV viral antigenemia, indicating that they participate to the immune response against CMV. Moreover, γδ T cell amplification is associated with a reduced risk of skin cancer in these patients. We chose to use the mouse model of CMV infection to study the capacity of γδ T cells to protect mice against CMVinfection and cancer.We showed that in the absence of αβ T cells in TCRα-/- mice (αβ-γδ+), different γδ T cell subsets are increased in CMV target organs. A concomitant decrease of viral load was observed in TCRα-/- mice which survived CMV infection, in contrast to CD3ε-/- mice which died and displayed damage to the lungs and liver. γδ T cell antiviral protective effect was also observed in the absence of NK, αβ T and B cells, showing the crucial role that these cells could play in immunodeficient contexts where other immune players are compromised.We showed the ability of CMV to inhibit the growth of subcutaneous colonic tumors (MC38) and melanomas (B16F10) in immunodeficient mice, thus revealing an anti-tumor role of CMV independently of immunity and γδ T cells. CMV was able to infect these tumor cell lines in accordance with a direct anti-tumor effect of the virus, through apoptosis (B16F10) or by means of a still unresolved mechanism. Finally, CMV also inhibits the growth of human colonic tumors, leading to the hypothesis that a viral-mediated indirect anti-tumor effect could also operate

Listeria Monocytogenes: A Model Pathogen Continues to Refine Our Knowledge of the CD8 T Cell Response

Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) infection induces robust CD8 T cell responses, which play a critical role in resolving Lm during primary infection and provide protective immunity to re-infections. Comprehensive studies have been conducted to delineate the CD8 T cell response after Lm infection. In this review, the generation of the CD8 T cell response to Lm infection will be discussed. The role of dendritic cell subsets in acquiring and presenting Lm antigens to CD8 T cells and the events that occur during T cell priming and activation will be addressed. CD8 T cell expansion, differentiation and contraction as well as the signals that regulate these processes during Lm infection will be explored. Finally, the formation of memory CD8 T cell subsets in the circulation and in the intestine will be analyzed. Recently, the study of CD8 T cell responses to Lm infection has begun to shift focus from the intravenous infection model to a natural oral infection model as the humanized mouse and murinized Lm have become readily available. Recent findings in the generation of CD8 T cell responses to oral infection using murinized Lm will be explored throughout the review. Finally, CD8 T cell-mediated protective immunity against Lm infection and the use of Lm as a vaccine vector for cancer immunotherapy will be highlighted. Overall, this review will provide detailed knowledge on the biology of CD8 T cell responses after Lm infection that may shed light on improving rational vaccine design

Uncovering the Anticancer Potential of Murine Cytomegalovirus against Human Colon Cancer Cells

International audienceHuman cytomegalovirus (HCMV) components are often found in tumors, but the precise relationship between HCMV and cancer remains a matter of debate. Pro-tumor functions of HCMV were described in several studies, but an association between HCMV seropositivity and reduced cancer risk was also evidenced, presumably relying on recognition and killing of cancer cells by HCMV-induced lymphocytes. This study aimed at deciphering whether CMV influences cancer development in an immune-independent manner. Using immunodeficient mice, we showed that systemic infection with murine CMV (MCMV) inhibited the growth of murine carcinomas. Surprisingly, MCMV, but not HCMV, also reduced human colon carcinoma development in vivo. In vitro, both viruses infected human cancer cells. Expression of human interferon-β (IFN-β) and nuclear domain (ND10) were induced in MCMV-infected, but not in HCMV-infected human colon cancer cells. These results suggest a decreased capacity of MCMV to counteract intrinsic defenses in the human cellular host. Finally, immunodeficient mice receiving peri-tumoral MCMV therapy showed a reduction of human colon cancer cell growth, albeit no clinical sign of systemic virus dissemination was evidenced. Our study, which describes a selective advantage of MCMV over HCMV to control human colon cancer, could pave the way for the development of CMV-based therapies against cancer