Apports de la modélisation distribuée horaire à la comprehension du régime hydrologique du bassin périurbain de l'Yzeron - Ouest Lyonnais, France

XXIIIème Colloque de l'Association Internationale de Climatologie, Liege, BEL, 01-/07/2015 - 04/07/2015International audienceDes travaux précédents, réalisés avec un modèle hydrologique distribué initialement conçu pour les bassins ruraux, le modèle J2000 appliqué au pas de temps journalier, ont permis de mettre en évidence l'impact de l'augmentation des surfaces imperméables sur la composition des écoulements du bassin versant de l'Yzeron. Ce pas de temps étant peu efficace pour représenter la dynamique rapide des sous bassins urbains, un nouveau modèle, J2000P, spécifiquement dédiée aux bassins périurbains, a été développé. Il prend en compte la variabilité spatiale du coefficient d'infiltration, modifiée par l'imperméabilisation des surfaces, les réseaux d'assainissement et d'eaux pluviales ainsi que les déversoirs d'orage. L'application du modèle sur le bassin de l'Yzeron sur une période de 10 ans montre que le modèle est capable de reproduire le cycle hydrologique sur le bassin, avec de meilleures performances en conditions humides et en hiver et une tendance à sous-estimer les bas débits. Le modèle permet aussi de visualiser la variabilité spatiale des composantes du bilan hydrologique et en particulier les contrastes entre zones urbanisées, cultivées et sous forêt. Mots clés : périurbain, débit, modélisation hydrologique, imperméabilisation

Quels liens entre climatologie, occupation des sols et inondations dans le bassin versant de l'Yzeron (ouest Lyonnais) ? Apport de l'analyse conjointe de données hydroclimatiques et d'images satellitaires très haute résolution

Le bassin versant de l'Yzeron, situé en périphérie immédiate de la ville de Lyon, est un bassin représentatif des bassins versants périurbains français. Il connaît, depuis les années 1970, une augmentation importante de son urbanisation. Ces dernières années, des crues importantes, entraînant des inondations à l'aval du bassin versant ont marqué les esprits, posant la question de l'impact des modifications de l'occupation des sols dans le bassin versant sur le régime des crues. Dans cet article, nous utilisons l'analyse combinée de données hydroclimatiques (pluie, température, évapotranspiration de référence -ET0, débits) et de cartes de l'occupation des sols dérivées d'images satellites SPOT à haute et très haute résolution pour aborder cette question. L'analyse des débits montre l'existence d'une évolution du régime des crues, avec une augmentation significative des crues sub -seuils pour des durées de 1,5h, 3h, 6h, 12h et 36h sur la période 1970-2010. L'analyse de l'échantillon de crues obtenue par cette analyse débit-durée-fréquence montre que les crues les plus importantes sont plutôt liées à des épisodes ayant conduit à un cumul de pluie important (> 80 mm en quelques jours). Une corrélation significative est aussi obtenue entre débit de base et coefficient de ruissellement, ce qui montre que ces crues peuvent être associées à des écoulements sur surfaces saturées. Les évolutions du climat (pluviométrie, température, ET0) ne permettent pas d'expliquer l'augmentation des crues observées. En revanche, l'occupation des sols entre 1990 et 2008 montre une augmentation des sur faces imperméables qui passent de 15,2 % de la surface totale du bassin en 1990 à 18,2 % en 1999 et 22,6 % en 2008. Cette évolution de l'imperméabilisation est mise en regard de l'accroissement de la population du bassin sur cette même période. Enfin, nous illustrons la réponse hydrologique du bassin versant avec deux épisodes pour lesquels le rôle de l'occupation des sols est différent. Le premier, celui du 02/12/2003 est typique d'une réponse par saturation du bassin, avec une contribution majeure des zon es rurales, suite à des cumuls pluviométriques importants. Le second, celui du 09/08/2009 représente un orage d'été, très court mais avec des intensités importantes, conduisant essentiellement à une réponse rapide des zones urbaines et pour lequel l'occupation des sols joue un rôle majeur

Impact de l'urbanisation sur le cycle hydrologique dans un bassin versant periurbain. Application au bassin de l’Yzeron - ouest lyonnais, France

International audienceL’urbanisation croissante, en particulier dans les zones périphériques aux grandes villes (zones périurbaines) a des conséquences sur le cycle hydrologique en modifiant l’infiltrabilité des sols, la recharge des nappes, ainsi que les chemins naturels de l’eau via les différents réseaux (routiers, eau potable, assainissement). Une modélisation à l'aide du modèle hydrologique distribué J2000 est mise en ½uvre sur le bassin versant de l’Yzeron, en périphérie de Lyon, représentatif des bassins périurbains français. Nous montrons en particulier que l’urbanisation modifie les composantes des écoulements en accroissant le ruissellement de surface au détriment des écoulements de base ou de sub-surface (comparaison de simulations s’appuyant sur des cartes d’occupation du sol de 1990, 1999, 2008). La prise en compte des réseaux d’assainissement et des déversoirs d’orage dans la modélisation permettra d’améliorer la simulation des bilans hydrologiques dans le bassin. / Urban growth, in particular close to big cities impacts the hydrological cycle by modifying soil infiltration capacity, groundwater recharge, but also by modifying natural water pathways due to the various networks associated with urbanization (roads, drinkable and sewer networks). The distributed hydrological model J2000 is set up in the Yzeron catchment, close to Lyon city. We show that urban growth modifies the flow components by increasing surface runoff and decreasing base and sub-surface flows (comparison of simulations based on past land use mapping of 1990, 1999, 2008). The inclusion of sewer networks and sewer overflow devices in the model will improve the water balance simulations of the catchment

Investigating the impact of two decades of urbanization on the water balance of the Yzeron peri-urban catchment, France

International audienceThis paper addresses the impact of 18 years of urbanization (1990-2008) on the Yzeron meso-scale peri-urban catchment (150 km²), located close to Lyon, France. A simplified version of the distributed hydrological model J2000 was used to perform long term simulations at a daily time step for several land use scenarios. These scenarios were derived from satellite SPOT images from years 1990, 1999 and 2008. The corresponding land use maps were classified into 5 classes depending on the percentage of impervious surfaces and the dominant non-impervious land use (agriculture or forest). The paper presents the methodology for the model setup and the simulation results for the main water balance components of the catchment: total runoff, runoff components, evapotranspiration and soil moisture. The results highlight the change of the catchment seasonal response from 1990 to 2008, mainly due to a change of the respective contributions of groundwater flow / surface runoff (+ 92% / - 28%, respectively). Monthly mean summer discharge unexpectedly appears to be higher in summer. It is provided by intermittent surface runoff generated by summer storm events. As surface runoff generated on urban surfaces is likely to carry a wide range of contaminants, this has a potential large impact on water quality

Impact of land use on the hydraulic properties of the topsoil in a small French catchment

The hydraulic properties of the topsoil control the partition of rainfall into infiltration and runoff at the soil surface. They must be characterized for distributed hydrological modelling. This study presents the results of a field campaign documenting topsoil hydraulic properties in a small French suburban catchment (7 km2) located near Lyon, France. Two types of infiltration tests were performed: single ring infiltration tests under positive head and tension disk infiltration using a mini-disk. Both categories were processed using the BEST Beerkan Estimation of Soil Transfer parameters- method to derive parameters describing the retention and hydraulic conductivity curves. Dry bulk density and particle size data were also sampled. Almost all the topsoils were found to belong to the sandy loam soil class. No significant differences in hydraulic properties were found in terms of pedologic units, but the results showed a high impact of land use on these properties. The lowest dry bulk density values were obtained in forested soils with the highest organic matter content. Permanent pasture soils showed intermediate values, whereas the highest values were encountered in cultivated lands. For saturated hydraulic conductivity, the highest values were found in broad leaved forests and small woods. The complementary use of tension disk and positive head infiltration tests highlighted a sharp increase of hydraulic conductivity between near saturation and saturated conditions, attributed to macroporosity effect. The ratio of median saturated hydraulic conductivity to median hydraulic conductivity at a pressure of -20 mm of water, was about 50. The study suggests that soil texture, such as used in most pedo-transfer functions, might not be sufficient to properly map the variability of soil hydraulic properties. Land use information should be considered in the parameterizations of topsoil within hydrological models to better represent in situ conditions, as illustrated in the paper

Three very high resolution optical images for land use mapping of a suburban catchment: input to distributed hydrological models

International audienceUrbanization and other modifications of land use affect the hydrological cycle of suburban catchments. In order to quantify these impacts, the AVuPUR project (Assessing the Vulnerability of Peri-Urban Rivers) is currently developing a distributed hydrological model that includes anthropogenic features. The case study is the Yzeron catchment (150 km2), located close to Lyon city, France. This catchment experiences a growing of urbanization and a modification of traditional land use since the middle of the 20th century, resulting in an increase of flooding, water pollution and river banks erosion. This contribution discusses the potentials of automated data processing techniques on three different VHR images, in order to produce appropriate and detailed land cover data for the models. Of particular interest is the identification of impermeable surfaces (buildings, roads, and parking places) and permeable surfaces (forest areas, agricultural fields, gardens, trees. . . ) within the catchment, because their infiltration capacity and their impact on runoff generation are different. Three aerial and spatial images were acquired: (1) BD Ortho IGN aerial images, 0.50 m resolution, visible bands, may 5th 2008; (2) QuickBird satellite image, 2.44 m resolution, visible and near-infrared bands, august 29th 2008; (3) Spot satellite image, 2.50 m resolution, visible and near-infrared bands, September 22nd 2008. From these images, we developed three image processing methods: (1) a pixel-based method associated to a segmentation using Matlab®, (2) a pixel-based method using ENVI®, (3) an object-based classification using Definiens®. We extracted six land cover types from the BD Ortho IGN (visible bands) and height classes from the satellite images (visible and near infrared bands). The three classified images are resampled in the same low resolution of 2.5 m and compared in order to evaluate the accuracy of different image processing methods and to determine for each cover type, the more appropriate image and/or method. This comparison provides hydrologists with a synthetic land cover map. Four parameters affect the accuracy of land cover mapping: firstly the addition of the NIR band improves vegetation classification such as the distinction between coniferous forest and broad-leaved forest. Moreover the intensity of chlorophyllian activity allows us to characterize the use of agricultural fields. Secondly, the images were taken at three dates in the agricultural calendar. This multi-date data allows the discrimination between permanently vegetalized pastures, and temporarily bare crops, a useful information for hydrologists who study surfaces hydraulic properties. Thirdly, the high resolution of the BD Ortho IGN image emphasizes the heterogeneity inside the spatial entities. Thus, in urbanised areas, high-resolution imagery allows the precise identification of objects > 5 m2 and consequently the quantification of impervious and pervious surfaces. However, the continuity of forest areas is not maintained because of the presence of small entities with sparser tree cover that were classified as herbaceous areas. Finally, image characteristics are more crucial than classification methods for the accuracy of land cover mapping. However, object based approach improves the classification of mixed pixels on the edge between different objects. It's particularly true for buildings and roads

A case of polymicrogyria in macaque monkey: impact on anatomy and function of the motor system

Background: Polymicrogyria is a malformation of the cerebral cortex often resulting in epilepsy or mental retardation. It remains unclear whether this pathology affects the structure and function of the corticospinal (CS) system. The anatomy and histology of the brain of one macaque monkey exhibiting a spontaneous polymicrogyria (PMG monkey) were examined and compared to the brain of normal monkeys. The CS tract was labelled by injecting a neuronal tracer (BDA) unilaterally in a region where low intensity electrical microstimulation elicited contralateral hand movements (presumably the primary motor cortex in the PMG monkey). Results: The examination of the brain showed a large number of microgyri at macro- and microscopic levels, covering mainly the frontoparietal regions. The layered cortical organization was locally disrupted and the number of SMI-32 stained pyramidal neurons in the cortical layer III of the presumed motor cortex was reduced. We compared the distribution of labelled CS axons in the PMG monkey at spinal cervical level C5. The cumulated length of CS axon arbors in the spinal grey matter was not significantly different in the PMG monkey. In the red nucleus, numerous neurons presented large vesicles. We also assessed its motor performances by comparing its capacity to execute a complex reach and grasp behavioral task. The PMG monkey exhibited an increase of reaction time without any modification of other motor parameters, an observation in line with a normal CS tract organisation. Conclusion: In spite of substantial cortical malformations in the frontal and parietal lobes, the PMG monkey exhibits surprisingly normal structure and function of the corticospinal system

Short-term effects of unilateral lesion of the primary motor cortex (M1) on ipsilesional hand dexterity in adult macaque monkeys

Although the arrangement of the corticospinal projection in primates is consistent with a more prominent role of the ipsilateral motor cortex on proximal muscles, rather than on distal muscles involved in manual dexterity, the role played by the primary motor cortex on the control of manual dexterity for the ipsilateral hand remains a matter a debate, either in the normal function or after a lesion. We, therefore, tested the impact of permanent unilateral motor cortex lesion on the manual dexterity of the ipsilateral hand in 11 macaque monkeys, within a time window of 60 days post-lesion. For comparison, unilateral reversible pharmacological inactivation of the motor cortex was produced in an additional monkey. Manual dexterity was assessed quantitatively based on three motor parameters derived from two reach and grasp manual tasks. In contrast to the expected dramatic, complete deficit of manual dexterity of the contralesional hand that persists for several weeks, the impact on the manual dexterity of the ipsilesional hand was generally moderate (but statistically significant) and, when present, lasted less than 20 days. Out of the 11 monkeys, only 3 showed a deficit of the ipsilesional hand for 2 of the 3 motor parameters, and 4 animals had a deficit for only one motor parameter. Four monkeys did not show any deficit. The reversible inactivation experiment yielded results consistent with the permanent lesion data. In conclusion, the primary motor cortex exerts a modest role on ipsilateral manual dexterity, most likely in the form of indirect hand postural control

The AVuPUR project (Assessing the Vulnerabiliy of Peri-Urbans Rivers): experimental set up, modelling strategy and first results

International audienceLe projet AVuPUR a pour objectif de progresser sur la compréhension et la modélisation des flux d'eau dans les bassins versants péri-urbains. Il s'agit plus particulièrement de fournir des outils permettant de quantifier l'impact d'objets anthropiques tels que zones urbaines, routes, fossés sur les régimes hydrologiques des cours d'eau dans ces bassins. Cet article présente la stratégie expérimentale et de collecte de données mise en ½uvre dans le projet et les pistes proposées pour l'amélioration des outils de modélisation existants et le développement d'outils novateurs. Enfin, nous présentons comment ces outils seront utilisés pour simuler et quantifier l'impact des modifications d'occupation des sols et/ou du climat sur les régimes hydrologiques des bassins étudiés. / The aim of the AVuPUR project is to enhance our understanding and modelling capacity of water fluxes within suburban watersheds. In particular, the objective is to deliver tools allowing to quantify the impact of anthropogenic elements such as urban areas, roads, ditches on the hydrological regime of suburban rivers. This paper presents the observation and data collection strategy set up by the project, and the directions for improving existing modelling tools or proposing innovative ones. Finally, we present how these tools will be used to simulate and quantify the impact of land use and climate changes on the hydrological regimes of the studied catchments