6 research outputs found

    Electrical Brain Stimulation Improves Cognitive Performance by Modulating Functional Connectivity and Task-Specific Activation

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    Excitatory anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (atDCS) can improve human cognitive functions, but neural underpinnings of its mode of action remain elusive. In a cross-over placebo ("sham") controlled study we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate neurofunctional correlates of improved language functions induced by atDCS over a core language area, the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). Intrascanner transcranial direct current stimulation-induced changes in overt semantic word generation assessed behavioral modulation; task-related and task-independent (resting-state) fMRI characterized language network changes. Improved word-retrieval during atDCS was paralleled by selectively reduced task-related activation in the left ventral IFG, an area specifically implicated in semantic retrieval processes. Under atDCS, resting-state fMRI revealed increased connectivity of the left IFG and additional major hubs overlapping with the language network. In conclusion, atDCS modulates endogenous low-frequency oscillations in a distributed set of functionally connected brain areas, possibly inducing more efficient processing in critical task-relevant areas and improved behavioral performance

    Transcranial direct current stimulation over multiple days improves learning and maintenance of a novel vocabulary

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    Introduction: Recently, growing interest emerged in the enhancement of human potential by means of non-invasive brain stimulation. In particular, anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (atDCS) has been shown to exert beneficial effects on motor and higher cognitive functions. However, the majority of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) studies have assessed effects of single stimulation sessions that are mediated by transient neural modulation. Studies assessing the impact of multiple stimulation sessions on learning that may induce long-lasting behavioural and neural changes are scarce and have not yet been accomplished in the language domain in healthy individuals

    VerÀnderungen in PlastizitÀt und Kognition durch neurovaskulÀre Erkrankungen und non-invasive Hirnstimulation

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    Plasticity is a milestone in neuroscientific investigations into the biological mechanisms of learning. Plasticity is critically reduced in older adults and in individuals with neurovascular disorders that encompass changes in cerebral blood supply. Mechanisms underlying this altered plasticity are important to understand in order to develop future preventive and therapeutic strategies. Pathological and interventional changes in plasticity are thus the focus of the current thesis. In three interrelated studies, this thesis explores the underpinning of cognitive deterioration and the neural changes accompanying cognitive enhancement. The first study tested the associations between cerebral autoregulation (vasomotor reactivity, VMR), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements of structural and functional connectivity, and cognitive performance in patients with unilateral occlusive processes of the internal cerebral artery (ICA, n=14) and matched controls (n=11). Patients revealed lower VMR in the affected hemisphere (AH), decrease in whole-brain microstructure and in inter- and intra-hemispheric functional connections. Moreover, reduced VMR in the AH correlated with reduced microstructure in frontal areas and connectivity in the default-mode network (DMN). This suggests that disconnections within critical brain networks might mediate the effects of impaired VMR on cognition. The second study tested the short-term changes induced by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on language performance and the underlying neuronal mechanisms of these behavioral gains. Blood-oxygen level dependent (BOLD) activity and functional networks under real and sham tDCS were measured in 24 young healthy subjects. Here, tDCS over a core language area improved semantic fluency, decreased activity in the stimulated region and facilitated connections within the language network. The results point to a critical link between enhanced network connectivity and increased neural efficiency which might be necessary for improved task performance. The third study investigated long-lasting behavioral gains induced by training in combination with tDCS during language learning. In this study, 40 young healthy subjects acquired a novel vocabulary during 5 consecutive days under real or sham tDCS and were tested in two memory tasks on a daily basis. The results indicate that tDCS facilitated language acquisition and retention of the learned vocabulary. Findings from the three interconnected studies thus lead to the suggestion that tDCS could assist patients with occlusion / stenosis of the ICA, in which loss of cognition might be mediated by structural and functional changes in connectivity. A potential preventive therapy with tDCS could target these regions in frontal and parietal cortices, with the aim to improve cognition in these patients.PlastizitĂ€t stellt einen Meilenstein in der neurowissenschaftlichen Erforschung der biologischen Lernmechanismen dar. PlastizitĂ€t ist bei Ă€lteren Menschen, sowie bei neurovaskulĂ€ren Erkrankungen, welche mit VerĂ€nderungen im zerebralen Blutfluss einhergehen, deutlich reduziert. Ein besseres VerstĂ€ndnis der PlastizitĂ€tsmechanismen, könnte zukĂŒnftig dazu beitragen, neue prĂ€ventive und therapeutische Maßnahmen zu entwickeln. Der Fokus dieser Arbeit liegt daher auf pathologischen und interventionsbedingten VerĂ€nderungen der PlastizitĂ€t. Innerhalb dieser Dissertationsschrift wurden in drei zusammenhĂ€ngenden Studien die Ursachen kognitiven Abbaus, sowie die mit kognitiven Verbesserungen assoziierten neuronalen VerĂ€nderungen untersucht. Die erste Studie analysierte ZusammenhĂ€nge zwischen zerebraler Autoregulation (Vasomotor-ReaktivitĂ€t, VMR), kognitiver LeistungsfĂ€higkeit, sowie Parametern struktureller und funktioneller KonnektivitĂ€t, die mittels Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) erhoben wurden, bei Patienten (n=14) mit unilateralen Verschlussprozessen der Arteria carotis interna (ICA) im Vergleich zu einer Kontrollgruppe (n=11). Die Patienten zeigten verminderte VMR in der betroffenen HemisphĂ€re (bH), verringerte Mikrostruktur im gesamten Gehirn sowie in der inter- und intrahemisphĂ€rischen funktionellen KonnektivitĂ€t. Des Weiteren ging verminderte VMR innerhalb der bH mit verringerter Mikrostruktur in frontalen Arealen sowie verringerter KonnektivitĂ€t innerhalb des Default-mode-Netzwerks (DMN) einher. Dies lĂ€sst vermuten, dass Störungen innerhalb aufgabenrelevanter Gehirnnetzwerke die Effekte einer beeintrĂ€chtigten VMR auf die GedĂ€chtnisleistung vermitteln. Die zweite Studie untersuchte mittels transkranieller Gleichstromstimulation (tDCS) induzierte KurzzeitverĂ€nderungen auf die Sprachleistung, sowie deren zugrunde liegenden neuronalen Mechanismen. Die vom Blutsauerstoffgehalt abhĂ€ngige AktivitĂ€t und funktionale Netzwerke wurden mittels tDCS- und Scheinstimulation bei 24 jungen gesunden Probanden gemessen. Eine Platzierung der tDCS-Elektroden oberhalb der Kernareale des Sprachzentrums fĂŒhrte zu verminderter AktivitĂ€t innerhalb der stimulierten Region, zu einer verbesserten semantischen Sprachkompetenz, sowie zu begĂŒnstigten Verbindungen innerhalb des Sprachennetzwerks. Die Ergebnisse weisen auf eine entscheidende Verbindung zwischen verstĂ€rkter NetzwerkkonnektivitĂ€t und erhöhter neuronaler Effizienz hin, welche möglicherweise notwendig fĂŒr verbesserte GedĂ€chtnisleistungen sind. Die dritte Studie untersuchte langfristige GedĂ€chtnissteigerungen, die durch Kombination aus kognitivem Training und tDCS wĂ€hrend einer Sprachlernaufgabe induziert wurden. In dieser Studie erlernten 40 junge gesunde Probanden innerhalb eines Zeitraums von fĂŒnf aufeinanderfolgenden Tagen einen neuen Wortschatz. WĂ€hrend zweimaligen tĂ€glichen GedĂ€chtnisaufgaben wurde bei den Probanden entweder tDCS- oder Scheinstimulation angewendet. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass tDCS eine begĂŒnstigende Wirkung auf Spracherwerb und Beibehaltung des erlernten Wortschatzes hat. Zusammenfassend weisen die Ergebnisse der drei vorliegenden Studien darauf hin, dass tDCS eine unterstĂŒtzende Wirkung bei Patienten mit GefĂ€ĂŸverschlĂŒssen/Stenosen der ICA haben könnte, deren GedĂ€chtnisverlust ĂŒber strukturelle und funktionelle KonnektivitĂ€tsverĂ€nderungen vermittelt sein könnte. Eine potentielle prĂ€ventive tDCS-Therapie könnte speziell auf Regionen abzielen, die in Zusammenhang mit dem DMN im frontalen und parietalen Kortex stehen, um die kognitive LeistungsfĂ€higkeit betroffener Patienten zu verbessern

    Improving emotional prosody detection in the attending ear by cathodal tDCS suppression of the competing channel

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    Currently it is assumed that cathodal stimulation (in transcranial direct current stimulation, tDCS) degrades the neural firing rate, and thus it is believed to degrade cognitive performance. Here we challenge this assumption by predicting that under high competition the cathodal stimulation might act as a noise filter, leading to an improved performance. We presented auditory targets with different emotional valence using a dichotic listening paradigm. We found that cathodal, but not anodal stimulation of the right IFG generated better prosody comprehension. Cathodal stimulation in competitive situations, such as the dichotic listening paradigm, can act like a noise filter, and may in fact enhance cognitive performance. This study contributes to understanding the way the IFG is engaged with prosody functions, and explains the cathodal effects of tDCS. This might lead to the development of more efficient brain stimulation protocols
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