Notes for genera: basal clades of Fungi (including Aphelidiomycota, Basidiobolomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Calcarisporiellomycota, Caulochytriomycota, Chytridiomycota, Entomophthoromycota, Glomeromycota, Kickxellomycota, Monoblepharomycota, Mortierellomycota, Mucoromycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Olpidiomycota, Rozellomycota and Zoopagomycota)

Compared to the higher fungi (Dikarya), taxonomic and evolutionary studies on the basal clades of fungi are fewer in number. Thus, the generic boundaries and higher ranks in the basal clades of fungi are poorly known. Recent DNA based taxonomic studies have provided reliable and accurate information. It is therefore necessary to compile all available information since basal clades genera lack updated checklists or outlines. Recently, Tedersoo et al. (MycoKeys 13:1--20, 2016) accepted Aphelidiomycota and Rozellomycota in Fungal clade. Thus, we regard both these phyla as members in Kingdom Fungi. We accept 16 phyla in basal clades viz. Aphelidiomycota, Basidiobolomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Calcarisporiellomycota, Caulochytriomycota, Chytridiomycota, Entomophthoromycota, Glomeromycota, Kickxellomycota, Monoblepharomycota, Mortierellomycota, Mucoromycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Olpidiomycota, Rozellomycota and Zoopagomycota. Thus, 611 genera in 153 families, 43 orders and 18 classes are provided with details of classification, synonyms, life modes, distribution, recent literature and genomic data. Moreover, Catenariaceae Couch is proposed to be conserved, Cladochytriales Mozl.-Standr. is emended and the family Nephridiophagaceae is introduced

Sustainable Innovation: Drivers, Conditions, and Impact on Triple Bottom Line Performance

This dissertation investigates the role of sustainable innovation as well its drivers, conditions and impact on triple bottom line performance of firms. This research examines this phenomenon through the lens of the dynamic capabilities theory, and is secondarily informed by the organizational learning and market orientation viewpoints. This dissertation addressed the primary research question: how do firms effectively pursue sustainable innovation and how does such innovation impact triple bottom line performance? The aim was to uncover strategic, climate, leadership and market drivers of sustainable innovation, investigate the role of organizational processes such as learning and unlearning—and their impact on sustainable innovation, as well as determine the impact of sustainable innovation on triple bottom line performance and whether any boundary conditions moderate this relationship. The methodology by which the theoretical framework was tested was through an empirical survey distributed among members of various LinkedIn membership groups. The participants in the study were all situated in roles focused on sustainable innovation within their organization. The analysis was conducted using Partial Least Squares (PLS) path modeling via SmartPLS. The findings indicate that sustainable innovation requires an organization-wide configuration focused on behaviors and activities such as learning and unlearning. Additionally, it demonstrates that those activities are driven by an organization’s climate and the activities of its leadership. Specifically, the findings suggest that fostering an environment that is high in trust and focused on sensing the needs of its customers and stakeholders is critical to organizational learning and unlearning, which in turn leads to effective sustainable innovation. Additionally, assigning an internal sustainability champion and encouraging market-oriented behaviors also have a significant impact on the innovation process. Finally, a significant relationship between sustainable innovation and triple bottom line performance indicates that these initiatives do pay off for the firm. This research offers implications for theory and practice. With regard to theory, it offers a capabilities-based approach to understanding innovation in a new and encompassing context. For practice, it offers many guidelines for firms looking to meet the needs of their stakeholders (e.g., the local community, shareholders, and employees) by becoming more sustainable

Marketing to subsistence consumers: Lessons from practice

Over 4 billion people live in what is commonly referred to as the "bottom of the pyramid" or as subsistence marketplaces. These individuals and families live in substandard housing, with limited or no access to sanitation, potable water, and health care, have low levels of literacy, and earn very low incomes. Scholars and practitioners alike suggest that the problems existing in subsistence marketplaces demand the attention and involvement of responsible businesses and that doing business with consumers in such marketplaces can be both socially responsible and profitable. This research explores the strategies and tactics currently being used across commercial and social enterprises engaged in subsistence marketplaces. The analysis leads to recommendations about marketing practices currently used by companies and organizations that are successfully operating in subsistence marketplaces.Subsistence marketplaces Subsistence consumers Bottom of the pyramid

Spinodal Decomposition in Functionally Graded Super Duplex Stainless Steel and Weld Metal

Low-temperature phase separations (T &lt; 500 °C), resulting in changes in mechanical and corrosion properties, of super duplex stainless steel (SDSS) base and weld metals were investigated for short heat treatment times (0.5 to 600 minutes). A novel heat treatment technique, where a stationary arc produces a steady state temperature gradient for selected times, was employed to fabricate functionally graded materials. Three different initial material conditions including 2507 SDSS, remelted 2507 SDSS, and 2509 SDSS weld metal were investigated. Selective etching of ferrite significantly decreased in regions heat treated at 435 °C to 480 °C already after 3 minutes due to rapid phase separations. Atom probe tomography results revealed spinodal decomposition of ferrite and precipitation of Cu particles. Microhardness mapping showed that as-welded microstructure and/or higher Ni content accelerated decomposition. The arc heat treatment technique combined with microhardness mapping and electrolytical etching was found to be a successful approach to evaluate kinetics of low-temperature phase separations in SDSS, particularly at its earlier stages. A time-temperature transformation diagram was proposed showing the kinetics of 475 °C-embrittlement in 2507 SDSS.First Online: 17 April 2018</p