Discutindo a educação ambiental no cotidiano escolar: desenvolvimento de projetos na escola formação inicial e continuada de professores

A presente pesquisa buscou discutir como a Educação Ambiental (EA) vem sendo trabalhada, no Ensino Fundamental e como os docentes desta escola compreendem e vem inserindo a EA no cotidiano escolar., em uma escola estadual do município de Tangará da Serra/MT, Brasil. Para tanto, realizou-se entrevistas com os professores que fazem parte de um projeto interdisciplinar de EA na escola pesquisada. Verificou-se que o projeto da escola não vem conseguindo alcançar os objetivos propostos por: desconhecimento do mesmo, pelos professores; formação deficiente dos professores, não entendimento da EA como processo de ensino-aprendizagem, falta de recursos didáticos, planejamento inadequado das atividades. A partir dessa constatação, procurou-se debater a impossibilidade de tratar do tema fora do trabalho interdisciplinar, bem como, e principalmente, a importância de um estudo mais aprofundado de EA, vinculando teoria e prática, tanto na formação docente, como em projetos escolares, a fim de fugir do tradicional vínculo “EA e ecologia, lixo e horta”.Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educació

Understanding and modelling moss carbon dynamics in black spruce forests

Mosses play a key role in the carbon (C) budget of black spruce forests, which are widely distributed across Canada and throughout the circumboreal region. Mosses are currently not included in the forest C stock accounting of large-scale national models used by Canada to meet international greenhouse gas reporting requirements. It is therefore essential to increase our scientific understanding of the dynamics of moss-C accumulation in black spruce forest ecosystems in a national-scale context. This thesis was inspired by Canada's national-scale carbon accounting model, the Carbon Budget Model of the Canadian Forest Sector (CBM-CFS3). The model was designed to provide operational forest managers with a tool to make informed management decisions based on C balance simulation of future scenarios. The model can also be scaled-up to provide regional- or national-C estimates. Previous research and inventory has shown that black spruce forests are widespread in many regions across the country, and that mosses have the potential to contribute significantly to the carbon budget of these systems. Nevertheless, the CBM-CFS3 does not account for moss-derived carbon in these forests. My overall objective is to improve scientific understanding of the C dynamics of mosses in black spruce-dominated forests from the perspective of including them in nationally-scaled models such as the CBM-CFS3. To accomplish this I: 1) investigate the potential of moss-derived C to improve the current inadequacy present in the simulation of black spruce soil carbon by CBM-CFS3, 2) collect ground plot data across several study regions in Canada to define moss-tree relationships that can be used as tools to model moss-C accumulation at the regional- or national-scale, and 3) build, test and examine a sub-model for moss-C accumulation that can be added to the CBM-CFS3 model framework to improve carbon budget accounting in black spruce forests across Canada. This research demonstrated that large differences between field-measured C stocks and CBM-CFS3 model predictions in poorly drained black spruce forests were of the same order of magnitude as would be expected if mosses could be included in the model. The field component of the research identified significant relationships between merchantable timber, canopy openness, and the relative abundance and productivity of feather moss and sphagnum moss. Together, these relationships allowed the input and loss of C via mosses to be modelled. The addition of the MOSS-C sub-model to CBM-CFS3 reduced the residual error by five fold; however, we found that the dynamics of the productivity-decomposition pathway included in the model were insufficient to account for all of variation in observed C stocks. The study suggests avenues for future research to better understand the complex interactions between decomposition, weather and fire regime on deep layer carbon storage. The key scientific merits of this thesis are: 1) the demonstration and quantification of the importance of mosses in the carbon budget of black spruce forests in national-scale models such as the CBM-CFS3, 2) the examination of the moss-tree relationships derived from field collected data that can be used to predict moss-C accumulation across several study regions in Canada, 3) the creation of a MOSS-C sub-model that can be directly applied into the current CBM-CFS3 model framework and strengthen the model's ability to predict organic soil C in black spruce forest systems nationally. Together these contributions act to provide an important first step at studying moss-C accumulation from the perspective of large-scale national or regional forest carbon budgets. They also help to demonstrate that if natural resource scientists aim to improve our ability to predict moss-C in black spruce stands at a national-scale than future work is needed in black spruce-moss ecology from a multi-scaled perspective to complement the work presented in this thesis.Les mousses représentent une partie importante du carbone (C) stocké dans les pessières noires qui dominent les régions boréales et circumpolaires canadiennes. Cependant, celles-ci ne sont pas prises en compte dans les modèles utilisés par le Canada pour rendre compte des stocks forestiers de C dans le cadre des exigences internationales en lien avec les gaz à effet de serre. Il est donc nécessaire d'améliorer les connaissances scientifiques sur la dynamique de stockage du C par les mousses dans les écosystèmes dominés par les épinettes noires à l'échelle nationale. Le modèle CBM-CFS3 du bilan du carbone pour le secteur forestier canadien a servi d'inspiration pour cette thèse. Le CBM-CFS3 ne prend pas en compte le carbone entreposé dans la mousse des pessières noires, même si nous savons que ce stock important peut influencer de façon significative le bilan en C de ces écosystèmes et affecter les comptes rendus nationaux. Mon objectif principal est d'améliorer les connaissances scientifiques sur la dynamique du carbone dans les pessières noires à mousses et de contribuer à sa prise en compte dans les modèles nationaux comme le CBM-CFS3. Pour arriver à ces fins: 1) nous étudions la contribution potentielle du C stocké dans la mousse pour améliorer la simulation du C avec CBM-CFS3 dans les sols des pessières noires, 2) nous récoltons des données de terrain dans différentes régions du Canada que nous utilisons pour établir les relations mousses-arbres qui serviront à améliorer la modélisation du C stocké dans les mousses aux échelles régionales et nationale, et 3) nous construisons, testons et examinons un sous-modèle de stockage de C dans les mousses qui pourra être intégré dans le CBM-CFS3 pour améliorer les estimations du C dans les pessières noires canadiennes. Dans le cadre de ce projet de recherche, j'ai pu démontrer que les différences observées entre les stocks de C mesurés sur le terrain et les prédictions du CBM-CFS3 sont du même ordre de grandeur que les contributions anticipées des mousses. Les études que nous avons effectuées sur le terrain nous ont permis d'identifier des relations significatives entre le bois marchand, utilisé comme entrant principal dans le CBM-CFS3, l'ouverture de la canopée, et l'abondance relative et la productivité des mousses hypnacée et de sphaigne. La mise en commun de ces relations permettent de modéliser les ajouts et pertes de C attribuables aux mousses. L'intégration du sous-modèle MOSS-C au CBM-CFS3 reduit par un facteur de cinq son erreur résiduelle. Cependant, nous avons observé que la dynamique productivité-décomposition ajoutée au modèle était insuffisante pour expliquer complètement la variabilité observée des stocks de C. Ces résultats suggèrent des pistes de recherches futures qui permettront de mieux comprendre les interactions complexes entre la décomposition, le climat et les feux sur le stockage du carbone. Les contributions scientifiques principales de cette thèse sont: 1) la démonstration de l'importance des mousses dans le bilan de carbone des pessières noires à l'échelle nationale, 2) une meilleure compréhension, grâce aux données de terrain collectées, des relations mousses-arbres qui pourra être utilisée pour prédire les stocks de C dans différentes régions du Canada, 3) la création d'un sous-modèle MOSS-C pouvant être incorporé dans le modèle CBM-CFS3 actuel et en améliorer les prédictions du C organique des sols des pessières noires. Mises ensembles, ces contributions représentent une importante première étape sur l'étude des stock de C dans les mousses dans le contexte des bilans régionaux et nationaux de C. Elles aident aussi à faire la démonstration qu'une amélioration des prédictions des stocks nationaux de C dans les pessières à mousses nécessitera davantage de recherche sur l'écologie de l'épinette noire et des mousses dans une perspective multi-échelle, en complément à la recherche présentée dans cette thèse

Integrating terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems to constrain estimates of land-atmosphere carbon exchange

In this Perspective, we put forward an integrative framework to improve estimates of land-atmosphere carbon exchange based on the accumulation of carbon in the landscape as constrained by its lateral export through rivers. The framework uses the watershed as the fundamental spatial unit and integrates all terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems as well as their hydrologic carbon exchanges. Application of the framework should help bridge the existing gap between land and atmosphere-based approaches and offers a platform to increase communication and synergy among the terrestrial, aquatic, and atmospheric research communities that is paramount to advance landscape carbon budget assessments

Transverse momentum and pseudorapidity distributions of charged hadrons in pp collisions at (s)\sqrt(s) = 0.9 and 2.36 TeV

Measurements of inclusive charged-hadron transverse-momentum and pseudorapidity distributions are presented for proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 0.9 and 2.36 TeV. The data were collected with the CMS detector during the LHC commissioning in December 2009. For non-single-diffractive interactions, the average charged-hadron transverse momentum is measured to be 0.46 +/- 0.01 (stat.) +/- 0.01 (syst.) GeV/c at 0.9 TeV and 0.50 +/- 0.01 (stat.) +/- 0.01 (syst.) GeV/c at 2.36 TeV, for pseudorapidities between -2.4 and +2.4. At these energies, the measured pseudorapidity densities in the central region, dN(charged)/d(eta) for |eta| < 0.5, are 3.48 +/- 0.02 (stat.) +/- 0.13 (syst.) and 4.47 +/- 0.04 (stat.) +/- 0.16 (syst.), respectively. The results at 0.9 TeV are in agreement with previous measurements and confirm the expectation of near equal hadron production in p-pbar and pp collisions. The results at 2.36 TeV represent the highest-energy measurements at a particle collider to date

Measurement of the Drell-Yan Cross Section in pp Collisions at s\sqrt{s} = 7 TeV

The Drell-Yan differential cross section is measured in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV, from a data sample collected with the CMS detector at the LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36 inverse picobarns. The cross section measurement, normalized to the measured cross section in the Z region, is reported for both the dimuon and dielectron channels in the dilepton invariant mass range 15-600 GeV. The normalized cross section values are quoted both in the full phase space and within the detector acceptance. The effect of final state radiation is also identified. The results are found to agree with theoretical predictions.The Drell-Yan differential cross section is measured in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV, from a data sample collected with the CMS detector at the LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36 inverse picobarns. The cross section measurement, normalized to the measured cross section in the Z region, is reported for both the dimuon and dielectron channels in the dilepton invariant mass range 15-600 GeV. The normalized cross section values are quoted both in the full phase space and within the detector acceptance. The effect of final state radiation is also identified. The results are found to agree with theoretical predictions

Search for supersymmetry in pp collisions at sqrt(s)=7 TeV in events with a single lepton, jets, and missing transverse momentum

Results are reported from a search for physics beyond the standard model in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV, focusing on the signature with a single, isolated, high-transverse-momentum lepton (electron or muon), energetic jets, and large missing transverse momentum. The data sample comprises an integrated luminosity of 36 inverse picobarns, recorded by the CMS experiment at the LHC. The search is motivated by models of new physics, including supersymmetry. The observed event yields are consistent with standard model backgrounds predicted using control samples obtained from the data. The characteristics of the event sample are consistent with those expected for the production of t t-bar and W +jets events. The results are interpreted in terms of limits on the parameter space for the constrained minimal supersymmetric extension of the standard model.Results are reported from a search for physics beyond the standard model in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV, focusing on the signature with a single, isolated, high-transverse-momentum lepton (electron or muon), energetic jets, and large missing transverse momentum. The data sample comprises an integrated luminosity of 36 inverse picobarns, recorded by the CMS experiment at the LHC. The search is motivated by models of new physics, including supersymmetry. The observed event yields are consistent with standard model backgrounds predicted using control samples obtained from the data. The characteristics of the event sample are consistent with those expected for the production of t t-bar and W +jets events. The results are interpreted in terms of limits on the parameter space for the constrained minimal supersymmetric extension of the standard model.Results are reported from a search for physics beyond the standard model in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV, focusing on the signature with a single, isolated, high-transverse-momentum lepton (electron or muon), energetic jets, and large missing transverse momentum. The data sample comprises an integrated luminosity of 36 inverse picobarns, recorded by the CMS experiment at the LHC. The search is motivated by models of new physics, including supersymmetry. The observed event yields are consistent with standard model backgrounds predicted using control samples obtained from the data. The characteristics of the event sample are consistent with those expected for the production of t t-bar and W +jets events. The results are interpreted in terms of limits on the parameter space for the constrained minimal supersymmetric extension of the standard model

Measurement of the lepton charge asymmetry in inclusive WW production in pp collisions at s=7\sqrt{s} = 7 TeV

A measurement of the lepton charge asymmetry in inclusive pp to WX production at sqrt(s)= 7 TeV is presented based on data recorded by the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36 inverse picobarns. This high precision measurement of the lepton charge asymmetry, performed in both the W to e nu and W to mu nu channels, provides new insights into parton distribution functions.A measurement of the lepton charge asymmetry in inclusive pp to WX production at sqrt(s)= 7 TeV is presented based on data recorded by the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36 inverse picobarns. This high precision measurement of the lepton charge asymmetry, performed in both the W to e nu and W to mu nu channels, provides new insights into parton distribution functions.A measurement of the lepton charge asymmetry in inclusive pp to WX production at sqrt(s)= 7 TeV is presented based on data recorded by the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36 inverse picobarns. This high precision measurement of the lepton charge asymmetry, performed in both the W to e nu and W to mu nu channels, provides new insights into parton distribution functions