16-The Indian and the Prairie: Prehistoric and Early Historic Utilization of Native Grassland Environments in Kalamazoo County) Michigan, with Emphasis on Gourd-Neck Prairie in Schoolcraft Township. Project No. S85-212

With grant support from the National Park Service, Department of the Interior, administered by the Bureau of History, Michigan Department of State, a team of archaeologists from Western Michigan University has undertaken a program of fieldwork (with appropriate literature search and review of the documents) to identify archaeological sites and ascertain the nature of the activity conducted from them in an attempt to explain the nature of the relationship between the native inhabitants of Kalamazoo County and the former grassland environments that occurred here. A review of the relevant literature prior to initiating a program of survey on Gourd-Neck Prairie in southern Kalamazoo County during Spring 1985, strongly suggested that contact period village sites and prehistoric works including mounds, earthen enclosures, and garden beds were associated with the former prairies in the county. However, reconnaissance level survey work undertaken in 1979 on Gull and Toland\u27s prairies by teams of experienced surveyors had resulted in confirmation of a single previously recorded site and the discovery of no new sites; albeit surveyors systematically evaluated more than 5.4 km2 of farmland affording excellent conditions of surface visibility. Before concluding that the documents provided by early American residents were inaccurate or incorrect, a more vigorous test of the hypothesis that Indians intensively occupied the prairies prior to American settlement of the county was required. Gourd-Neck Prairie in Schoolcraft Township {T4S RllW) was selected for several reasons: (l) the prairie is reported to have encompassed slightly more than 10 km2 , making a target of 100% surveyor coverage attainable with a small field party and a brief period in which to accomplish the fieldwork; (2) the personnel participating in the project were already familiar with the area, having established important landowner and collector contacts during the 1982 and 1984 field seasons; and (3) the former prairie was now characterized by extensive commercial farming operations, providing for anticipated surface visibility that would be excellent for a program of research employing surface reconnaissance procedures to record archaeological observations. During a two week period in Spring 1985, a team of three surveyors evaluated 818 ha (2022 acres) or 81% of the area formerly supporting prairie vegetation. In addition, we surveyed 319 ha (788 acres) in adjacent areas that formerly supported oak savanna and bur oak openings. Fourteen new sites were recorded, and four previously recorded sites were revisited during the course of fieldwork. Of the new sites, six occur on the prairie and eight are located near creeks or standing bodies of water to the north, east, and south of the former native grassland. Simila~ly, all previously recorded sites lie between the prairie and Portage Creek and the north shore of Barton Lake on the southeast margin of Gourd-Neck Prairie. Our analysis of these data suggests that sites occurring on the former prairie represent very task specific or limited activity loci (e.g. the loss of a projectile during an episode of hunting), with the more intensively occupied settlements being situated in oak savanna and bur oak openings affording greater access to resources (e.g. wood) i i deemed critical to support a camp or village and also closer proximity to nearby, resource rich wetlands and the lakes and streams that they flanked. Clearly, our research to date strongly suggests that the historical documents must be more critically evaluated before recording locations referenced in them as bona fide archaeological sites providing distributional information useful in better understanding settlement patterns (and subsistence practices) of the native inhabitants of Kalamazoo County, Michigan

17-An Archaeological Survey of the Middle St. Joseph River Valley in St. Joseph County, Michigan

Between 2-19 Jun 86, a team of researchers from Western Michigan University conducted a reconnaissance level survey of a 63.5 km2 transect across the St. Joseph River Valley in Leonidas and Colon Townships, St. Joseph County, Michigan. They gained access to 77 parcels of farmland affording good to excellent surface visibility and aggregating 15.3 km 2 , or 24% of the entire study area. In the process, 87 new archaeological sites were located and recorded; another three sites were recorded on the basis of documentary evidence reviewed during the course of the project. For each of 16 sampling strata evaluated, at least one site attributable to Amerindian occupation was recorded. However, the data on site distribution in the study area show a pronounced tendency for the more impressive sites to concentrate along the course of the St. Joseph, especially near the confluence of Nottawa Creek with the river, and to a lesser extend along the lower reaches of this feeder stream and overlooking Long Lake through which another major tributary, Swan Creek, passes as it flows toward its confluence with the St. Joseph River. In the report which follows, the survey area is briefly described, previously recorded sites are discussed, the research design employed in this survey is outlined, and the results of our efforts are fully presented. The report concludes with comparisons of the data set derived from the 1986 SJVA-I transect with those acquired during similar programs of research in the nearby drainages of the Middle Kalamazoo and Portage Rivers, together with some general statements about the implications of these data for Amerindian subsistence settlement behavior in this area of southwest Michigan. In our recommendations regarding management of archaeological resources in this apparently very rich zone, we mention that as many as 10 sites recorded by the survey team in 1986 may warrant evaluation of their eligibility For listing in the National Register of Historic Places; note our current plans to conduct Phase II investigations at two of these sites in the upcoming field season, with grant support From the Historic Preservation Grant Program administered through the Bureau of History, Michigan Department of State; and comment on the cooperative attitude of area landowners and how good communications between professional archaeologists and property owners in the study area will greatly Facilitate management efforts with respect to the resources as well as make possible future research oriented toward mare intensive evaluation of potentially significant sites in this universe

Glasslike Arrest in Spinodal Decomposition as a Route to Colloidal Gelation

Colloid-polymer mixtures can undergo spinodal decomposition into colloid-rich and colloid-poor regions. Gelation results when interconnected colloid-rich regions solidify. We show that this occurs when these regions undergo a glass transition, leading to dynamic arrest of the spinodal decomposition. The characteristic length scale of the gel decreases with increasing quench depth, and the nonergodicity parameter exhibits a pronounced dependence on scattering vector. Mode coupling theory gives a good description of the dynamics, provided we use the full static structure as input.Comment: 14 pages, 4 figures; replaced with published versio

Early life stress and macaque annygdala hypertrophy: preliminary evidence for a role for the serotonin transporter gene

Background: Children exposed to early life stress (ELS) exhibit enlarged amygdala volume in comparison to controls. the primary goal of this study was to examine amygdala volumes in bonnet macaques subjected to maternal variable foraging demand (VFD) rearing, a well-established model of ELS. Preliminary analyses examined the interaction of ELS and the serotonin transporter gene on amygdala volume. Secondary analyses were conducted to examine the association between amygdala volume and other stress-related variables previously found to distinguish VFD and non-VFD reared animals.Methods: Twelve VFD-reared and nine normally reared monkeys completed MRI scans on a 3T system (mean age = 5.2 years).Results: Left amygdala volume was larger in VFD vs. control macaques. Larger amygdala volume was associated with: high cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of corticotropin releasing-factor (CRF) determined when the animals were in adolescence (mean age = 2.7 years); reduced fractional anisotropy (FA) of the anterior limb of the internal capsule (ALIC) during young adulthood (mean age = 5.2 years) and timid anxiety-like responses to an intruder during full adulthood (mean age = 8.4 years). Right amygdala volume varied inversely with left hippocampal neurogenesis assessed in late adulthood (mean age = 8.7 years). Exploratory analyses also showed a gene-by-environment effect, with VFD-reared macaques with a single short allele of the serotonin transporter gene exhibiting larger amygdala volume compared to VFD-reared subjects with only the long allele and normally reared controls.Conclusion: These data suggest that the left amygdala exhibits hypertrophy after ELS, particularly in association with the serotonin transporter gene, and that amygdala volume variation occurs in concert with other key stress-related behavioral and neurobiological parameters observed across the lifecycle. Future research is required to understand the mechanisms underlying these diverse and persistent changes associated with ELS and amygdala volume.National Institute for Mental HealthNIMHNARSAD Mid-investigator AwardSuny Downstate Med Ctr, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Brooklyn, NY 11203 USAUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Psiquiatria, São Paulo, BrazilMt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, New York, NY USAMt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Neurosci, New York, NY USAMt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Radiol, New York, NY USANew York State Psychiat Inst & Hosp, New York, NY 10032 USAMichael E Debakey VA Med Ctr, Mental Hlth Care Line, Houston, TX USABaylor Coll Med, Menninger Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Houston, TX 77030 USAYale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, New Haven, CT USANatl Ctr PTSD, Clin Neurosci Div, West Haven, CT USANew York State Psychiat Inst & Hosp, Dept Mol Imaging & Neuropathol, New York, NY 10032 USAColumbia Univ, Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Psychiat, New York, NY USAColumbia Univ, Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Pathol & Cell Biol, New York, NY USAComprehensive NeuroSci Corp, Westchester, NY USAUniv Miami Hlth Sytems, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Miami, FL USAEmory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Emory, GA USAUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Psiquiatria, São Paulo, BrazilNational Institute for Mental Health: R01MH65519-01National Institute for Mental Health: R01MH098073NIMH: R21MH066748NIMH: R01MH59990AWeb of Scienc

A novel vaccinia virus enhances anti-tumor efficacy and promotes a long-term anti-tumor response in a murine model of colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in the world, and there remains an urgent need to develop long-lasting therapies to treat CRC and prevent recurrence in patients. Oncolytic virus therapy (OVT) has demonstrated remarkable efficacy in a number of different cancer models. Here, we report a novel vaccinia virus (VV)- based OVT for treatment of CRC. The novel VV, based on the recently reported novel VVLDTKDN1L virus, was armed with the pleiotropic cytokine interleukin-21 (IL-21) to enhance anti-tumor immune responses stimulated after viral infection of tumor cells. Compared with an unarmed virus, VVLDTKDN1L-mIL-21 had a superior anti-tumor efficacy in murine CMT93 subcutaneous CRC models in vivo, mediated mainly by CD8+ T cells. Treatment resulted in development of long-term immunity against CMT93 tumor cells, as evidenced by prevention of disease recurrence. These results demonstrate that VVLDTKDN1L-mIL-21 is a promising therapeutic agent for treatment of CRC

Arrested fluid-fluid phase separation in depletion systems: Implications of the characteristic length on gel formation and rheology

We investigate the structural, dynamical, and rheological properties of colloid-polymer mixtures in a volume fraction range of φ=0.15-0.35. Our systems are density-matched, residual charges are screened, and the polymer-colloid size ratio is ∼0.37. For these systems, the transition to kinetically arrested states, including disconnected clusters and gels, coincides with the fluid-fluid phase separation boundary. Structural investigations reveal that the characteristic length, L, of the networks is a strong function of the quench depth: for shallow quenches, L is significantly larger than that obtained for deep quenches. By contrast, L is for a given quench depth almost independent of φ; this indicates that the strand thickness increases with φ. The strand thickness determines the linear rheology: the final relaxation time exhibits a strong dependence on φ, whereas the high frequency modulus does not. We present a simple model based on estimates of the strand breaking time and shear modulus that semiquantitatively describes the observed behavior. © 2010 The Society of Rheology

A point-of-care clinical trial comparing insulin administered using a sliding scale versus a weight-based regimen

Background Clinical trials are widely considered the gold standard in comparative effectiveness research (CER) but the high cost and complexity of traditional trials and concerns about generalizability to broad patient populations and general clinical practice limit their appeal. Unsuccessful implementation of CER results limits the value of even the highest quality trials. Planning for a trial comparing two standard strategies of insulin administration for hospitalized patients led us to develop a new method for a clinical trial designed to be embedded directly into the clinical care setting thereby lowering the cost, increasing the pragmatic nature of the overall trial, strengthening implementation, and creating an integrated environment of research-based care

Shadowing in Inelastic Scattering of Muons on Carbon, Calcium and Lead at Low XBj

Nuclear shadowing is observed in the per-nucleon cross-sections of positive muons on carbon, calcium and lead as compared to deuterium. The data were taken by Fermilab experiment E665 using inelastically scattered muons of mean incident momentum 470 GeV/c. Cross-section ratios are presented in the kinematic region 0.0001 < XBj <0.56 and 0.1 < Q**2 < 80 GeVc. The data are consistent with no significant nu or Q**2 dependence at fixed XBj. As XBj decreases, the size of the shadowing effect, as well as its A dependence, are found to approach the corresponding measurements in photoproduction.Comment: 22 pages, incl. 6 figures, to be published in Z. Phys.