Constance Classen, David Howes & Anthony Synnott: Aroma: The Cullural History of Smell

Aroma: The Cullural History of Smell Anmeldes af Joel Leonard Kat

Captures d'écran : la photographie de presse et l'image télévisée

Influenza-associated disease burden among children in tropical sub-Saharan Africa is not well established, particularly outside of the 2009 pandemic period. We estimated the burden of influenza in children aged 0-4 years through population-based surveillance for influenza-like illness (ILI) and acute lower respiratory tract illness (ALRI). Household members meeting ILI or ALRI case definitions were referred to health facilities for evaluation and collection of nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs for influenza testing by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Estimates were adjusted for health-seeking behavior and those with ILI and ALRI who were not tested. During 2008-2012, there were 9,652 person-years of surveillance among children aged 0-4 years. The average adjusted rate of influenza-associated hospitalization was 4.3 (95% CI 3.0-6.0) per 1,000 person-years in children aged 0-4 years. Hospitalization rates were highest in the 0-5 month and 6-23 month age groups, at 7.6 (95% CI 3.2-18.2) and 8.4 (95% CI 5.4-13.0) per 1,000 person-years, respectively. The average adjusted rate of influenza-associated medically attended (inpatient or outpatient) ALRI in children aged 0-4 years was 17.4 (95% CI 14.2-19.7) per 1,000 person-years. Few children who had severe laboratory-confirmed influenza were clinically diagnosed with influenza by the treating clinician in the inpatient (0/33, 0%) or outpatient (1/109, 0.9%) settings. Influenza-associated hospitalization rates from 2008-2012 were 5-10 times higher than contemporaneous U.S. estimates. Many children with danger signs were not hospitalized; thus, influenza-associated severe disease rates in Kenyan children are likely higher than hospital-based estimates suggest

Change your mind, change your practice; or why you should consider a collaborator for your next project

Over the last several decades, collaborative, social practices have become an important and fundamental part of the spectrum of work labeled “contemporary art”. Today, community engagement has become exceptionally interdisciplinary with participants emerging from various intellectual and academic backgrounds. For truly engaged artists this way of working is not simply about investigating a growing international trend; it is an explorative process with deeply embedded roots in research, pedagogy and shifting ideological expectations. Through presentations by artists, curators and other scholars that work under the diverse rubric of “social engagement”, encouraging greater awareness of political and social issues through their practices, this panel explores the nature and importance of the process of collaboration in and of itself. Conversations will provoke a new thoughtfulness on why this way of working yields results quite different from solitary artistic practices. It also explores how this way of working achieves superior results from every aspect of producing work: planning, making and exhibiting as well as the disadvantages that can also result

Characteristics of Children with Influenza-like Illness (ILI) and Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Illness (ALRI) without Laboratory Testing vs Children with Nasopharyngeal/Oropharyngeal (NP/OP) Sample Tested for Influenza, 2008–2012.

<p>*chi-square test done only for those with malaria test</p><p>Characteristics of Children with Influenza-like Illness (ILI) and Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Illness (ALRI) without Laboratory Testing vs Children with Nasopharyngeal/Oropharyngeal (NP/OP) Sample Tested for Influenza, 2008–2012.</p

Rate of Medically attended Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Illness (ALRI)^a Attributable to Influenza^b per 1000 Person-Years, by Site, Age Group and Year, Jan 2008—Dec 2012.

<p>^a Includes hospitalized and out-patient children who met the ALRI case definition: Cough or difficulty breathing AND a danger sign (child unable to drink or breastfeed, child vomits everything, child had convulsions, child is lethargic or unconscious) or oxygen saturation <90%;</p><p>^b Rates adjusted by applying the proportion influenza positive among hospitalized and outpatient children meeting the ALRI case definition to all hospitalized and out-patient children who met the ALRI case definition but did not have a laboratory result/sample collected</p><p>Rate of Medically attended Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Illness (ALRI)<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0138272#t004fn001" target="_blank">^a</a> Attributable to Influenza^{<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0138272#t004fn002" target="_blank">b</a>} per 1000 Person-Years, by Site, Age Group and Year, Jan 2008—Dec 2012.</p

Characteristics of Children with Influenza-like Illness (ILI) or Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Illness (ALRI) by Influenza Test Result, 2008–2012.

<p>*chi-square test done only for those with malaria test</p><p>Characteristics of Children with Influenza-like Illness (ILI) or Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Illness (ALRI) by Influenza Test Result, 2008–2012.</p

The Portland region: Where city and suburbs talk to each other ... and sometimes agree

Portland, OR, is often cited as an example of successful regional governance and planning. The metropolitan area appears to match many of the precepts of the popular compact city model of urban growth and to demonstrate the capacity of local and state government to shape growing metropolitan regions. Given this reputation, it is important to evaluate the relevance of the Portland experience for other communities, distinguishing unique local circumstances form generalizable characteristics. This analysis explores the spatial character of metropolitan Portland in the 1990s, summarizes the politics of regional planning, examines weaknesses in the Portland approach, and offers suggestions for other metropolitan areas. The study finds that many of Portland\u27s accomplishments center on urban design, but that the region\u27s most distinguishing characteristics is its attention to political process. The discussion concludes with suggestions about the value of extensive civic discourse,incremental policy making, and institution building