Analysis of Market Rental Property Selected Fragment in Krakow Premises in Terms Sector Student

Krakow is considered to be one of the top academic centres in Poland. In the local universities nearly 200 thousand students acquire knowledge. Only a few of them are permanent inhabitants of Krakow. For this reason, also, annually the market of apartments rent in the capital city of Małopolska in the period of holiday observes fluctuations of prices. At the same time students (or their parents) prefer the proximity of the chosen academic centre or the communication accessibility over the standards of the premises. This allows to sustain the prices of rent of apartments in this neighbourhood and constitutes a stable source of income for real estate owners that could not be attractive for the remaining social groups. For the purpose of supplying information concerning the apartments preferred by the students a study was conducted, in which questions were asked to individuals who now or in recent years rented an apartment in Krakow and they are or have been students of the AGH University of Science and Technology. The post was chosen because of the compact structure of educational institutions, proximity attractive zones, and thus expensive, and the ease of obtaining information from respondents as a result of the conducted studies it is possible to consider that among the surveyed most often rent contracts were concluded for apartments with two rooms nearby, or with a good connection to the universities. It was also noticed that the most important factor having impact on the average price for the rent is the location, in the particular urban units of the city of Krakow it differs from the average by a few hundred PLN. Another, relatively obvious criterion determining the height of the rate is the technical condition and furnishing standard of the apartment. The terms on which the rent of the apartment is profitable for its owner were verified. Finally, it was noticed that the benefits arising from the rent of the premises to students are disproportionate for different parties. The information obtained by means of the conducted studies and completed analyses is helpful both for people willing, in the future, to take advantage of the benefits from leasing an apartment, as well as for thousands of students who each year are struggling against the fundamental choice of the place where they will spend the nearest months or years.AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mining Surveying and Environmental Engineering, Department of Geomatics, Krakow, PolandElżbieta Jasińsk

Czy „referendarza z Lublina” może zastąpić „sędzia robot”?

The article is intended to answer the question of whether it is possible to fully automate electronic writ proceedings, and thus whether it is possible to replace the issuing court order court referendaries with a computer program. The analysis is conducted from the point of view of providing the parties with constitutional right to a court. At the same time, as an important element of consideration, the article presents an assessment of compliance with the Polish Constitution of current solutions, namely the power of court referendaries to issue payment orders. Th e considerations carried out in the article were preceded by a brief discussion of possible ways of using computer programs in justice, including artificial intelligence solutions.Artykuł ma za zadanie odpowiedzieć na pytanie, czy możliwe jest pełne zautomatyzowanie elektronicznego postępowania upominawczego, a więc czy możliwe jest zastąpienie wydających nakazy zapłaty referendarzy programem komputerowym. Analiza prowadzona jest z punktu widzenia możliwości zapewnienia stronom postępowań konstytucyjnego prawa do sądu. Jednocześnie, jako istotny element rozważań, w artykule pojawia się ocena zgodności z polską Konstytucją aktualnych rozwiązań, a mianowicie uprawnienia referendarzy sądowych do wydawania nakazów zapłaty. Prowadzone w artykule rozważania poprzedzone zostały krótkim omówieniem możliwych sposobów wykorzystania w wymiarze sprawiedliwości programów komputerowych, w tym rozwiązań o charakterze sztucznej inteligencji

The clinical anatomy of the left atrial structures used as landmarks in ablation of arrhythmogenic substrates and cardiac invasive procedures

Background: The clinical anatomy of the left atrium is of special interest since many invasive procedures are performed within this chamber. Pulmonary vein isolation, linear transcatheter ablations, transcatheter mitral valve repair procedures and left atrial appendage occlusions are examples of highly effective procedures done within the left atrial chamber. Methods: This narrative literature review seeks to discuss the latest articles about the anatomy of left atrial structures. Results: This article reviews recent morphological studies about the pulmonary venous ostia, the myocardial sleeves of the pulmonary veins, the mitral isthmus, the left atrial appendage isthmus, the left atrial medial isthmus and the other left atrial isthmuses together with spatial relationships of blood vessels within the isthmus lines. This review touch upon the clinical relevance of the left lateral ridge and the left atrial appendage. Conclusion: A thorough understanding of local anatomy is essential for safe electrophysiologic invasive procedures. Clinical anatomy of the left atrium is treacherous, difficult and its unfamiliarity can cause serious intraoperative complications. Some anatomical features of the left atrium may significantly impede invasive transcatheter interventions, especially ablation procedures

Topography of the oblique vein of the left atrium (vein of Marshall)

Background: The oblique vein of the left atrium is of interest for electrophysiologists working in the field of both basic science and clinical practice. Aims: We aimed to examine the topographic anatomy of the oblique vein and to assess the vein’s location and relationships with surrounding cardiac structures. Methods: A total of 200 autopsied adult human hearts were examined. Results: The oblique vein was observed in 71% of the hearts. Its mean (SD) total length was 30.8 (13.6) mm. In hearts with the oblique vein, a larger distance was observed between the left inferior pulmonary vein (LIPV) and great cardiac vein (mean [SD], 18.6 [5.1] mm vs 16.3 [4.8] mm; P = 0.004), between the left atrial appendage (LAA) and LIPV (mean [SD], 17.8 [6.8] mm vs 15.1 [5.2] mm; P = 0.007), and between the LAA and left superior pulmonary vein (LSPV; mean [SD], 28.5 [7.2] mm vs 21.3 [6.4] mm; P  < 0.001). Hearts with a classic pattern of left‑sided pulmonary veins were categorized into 4 types based on the length of oblique vein extension. In type I, the vein extended below the level of the LIPV (21.9%); in type II, to the level of the LIPV (47.7%); in type III, to the level of the interpulmonary area (17.2%); and in type IV, to the level of the LSPV (13.3%). In each type, the distance between the oblique vein and LIPV was shorter than that between the oblique vein and LAA Conclusions: The oblique vein had a variable course and differing lengths of extension. The presence of the oblique vein was connected with a greater distance between the left‑sided pulmonary veins and LAA

Fournier's gangrene – a clinical case report

Fournier’s gangrene is an acute, rapidly progressive, necrotizing infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissues surrounding the genitals and perineum. Necrotizing fasciitis of the genital area is a rare disease entity. Although it concerns mostly males, can also occur in females and adolescents. In this syndrome, bacteria produce gases which accumulate in the infected tissue. The damage may also comprise tissue of the penis and scrotum. The infection is caused by aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Usually the Fournier’s gangrene is caused by Staphylococci, Streptococci and Enteric bacteria. Bacterial infection can accompany the fungal infection. The high mortality rate is associated with bacterial contagion of the skin, fat, fascia and blood vessels. Harmful enzymes, produced by micro-organisms, induce numerous blood clots. They can lead to ischemia, which contribute to the development of necrosis. Fournier’s syndrome is a disease with a high mortality rate. Immunodeficiency, diabetes and chronic alcohol abuse favor the development of gangrene. Abrasion, burn or surgery complication may be the route of infection for microorganisms. Clinical symptoms appear within few days. Diagnostic process is based on the clinical picture. It is crucial to start treatment as soon as possible. Delay of the wide spectral intravenous antibiotic therapy and surgical removal of the necrotic tissue may result in death of the patient