lmpact of access to livelihood assets towards sustainable poverty reduction in Sokoto State, Nigeria

The issue of poverty has become a global concern of which tackling the concerned issue would necessitate the commitments from the affected households and relevant institutions. Poverty is an outcome from a multitude of causes, ranging from economic, political to social factors. However, poverty is seen in this study as lack of sustainability in livelihoods among households. This condition is due to their lack of access to livelihood assets, effective livelihood strategy and proper government support which are fundamental in ensuring sustainable livelihood and fighting poverty. The study was conducted in Nigeria, particularly Sokoto State, which has been described by some institutions as the state with the highest incidence of poverty in the country. Hence, this study is designed to examine the impact of access to livelihood asset, adoption of livelihood strategy and moderating effect of government intervention towards ensuring sustainable livelihood and poverty reduction in Sokoto State, Nigeria. The study adopted quantitative approach, of which the survey method was used to collect data through stratified simple random sampling. A total of 323 data from respondents were received and analyzed using the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The research findings showed that there is significant positive relationship between access to livelihood asset, livelihood strategy and sustainable livelihood which in tum lead to sustainable poverty reduction. On the moderating factor, government intervention was found to affect the relationship between access to physical asset and sustainable poverty reduction, albeit there is no effect on the relationship between other livelihood assets, livelihood strategy and sustainable poverty reduction. This study recommends that in order for sustainable livelihoods and poverty reduction to be achieved in Nigeria and Sokoto State in particular, ownership of livelihood assets and developing effective livelihood strategies are very crucial, while efficient government support must be in place to ensure that household livelihoods are secured. The study draws from Malaysia's strategy of poverty reduction and thus, recommends a comprehensive policy action that addresses important opportunities for entrepreneurship, microfinance scheme, technical and vocational skill, land reform, infrastructural development, and social protection, as an essential strategy for poverty reduction

THE VIABILITY OF LIVELIHOOD ASSETS, LIVELIHOOD STRATEGY AND GOVERNMENT. INTERVENTION TOWARDS ENSURING SUSTAINABLE POVERTY REDUCTION : A PILOT TEST

This paper explores a sample of few data concerning the potency of livelihood assets, livelihood strategy and government intervention and how they contribute in ensuring sustainable poverty reduction in Nigeria. As a pilot study, the investigation was limited to Dange-Shuni local government of Sokoto state-Nigeria. The study adopted survey approach and data were collected using simple random sampling within the pilot study area (Dange-Shuni). The study's model has five livelihood asset, livelihood strategy, government intervention and sustainable poverty reduction as variables. The essence of the preliminary/pilot  study was to examine the validity and reliability of the adapted measuring instruments. The validity and reliability of the instruments were analyzed using SPSS version 22. The result of the preliminary /pilot study espoused the efficacy of the adapted instrument, thus they are valid and reliable

Mitigating Poverty through Islamic Ideals of Administration in Nigeria: A Paradigm Shift

Reducing poverty has been plaguing the Nigerian state for time immemorial, and a quite number of policies and programs were conceived, designed and implemented to some certain degrees through the ages, however, the efforts are almost fruitless as the incidence of poverty has been rising defying all the efforts at mitigating its menace. Accordingly, this paper aims at exploring a paradigm shift in the course of addressing the scourge of poverty in Nigeria. To achieve this objective a conceptual model for poverty reduction has been proposed by the paper with a shift from the conventional mechanism or perspective to a proposed ideal Islamic conceptual model which if adhered to would ensure comprehensive prosperity in Nigeria thereby ensuring poverty reduction and overall well-being of the Nigerian populace. In the proposed conceptual model this paper envisaged the role of Islamic ideals of governance and administration in the quest for a better society free of squalor, hunger, hopelessness and despair. Consequently, relevant literature were used to develop the conceptual model and a discourse on Nigeria’s strive towards poverty reduction was carried out. Specifically, the conceptual model emphasized on amanah (trusteeship), adlah (justice), and istislah (public interest) as the mechanisms that would usherin and ensure prosperity and poverty reduction in Nigeria. Keywords: Poverty reduction, Amanah, Adlah, Istisla

Factors Influencing Farm Income among Farmers in Northern Nigeria

The observed decline in farm income in recent times was a source of concern for farmers and other stake holders in Nigeria’s agricultural sector. This could be a serious setback for Nigeria’s drive to achieve self-sufficiency in food production. This paper focused on identifying the determinants of farm income in northern Nigeria. Result of the study could be beneficial to farmers and policy makers by providing insight on the factors that could raise farm income. The study was based on the hunch that certain socio economic factors and climatic elements could improve farm income. Findings of the study revealed that livestock keeping, access to credit, farm power, proximity to market, marital status, gender and climate influenced farm income. In addition variation in factors due to difference in agro ecological zones significantly affected revenue. Conclusion of the study was that farm specific factors could be used as a framework to improve farm income. Keywords: Factors, farm income, farmers, Northern Nigeri

The types and functions of code switching in a thesis defense examination

This study investigated the acts of code switching by lecturers and student in thesis defence examination at a university in Banda Aceh, Indonesia. The study involved five participants (four lectures and one student) of the English Language Department. Data from recordings were used to analyse the types and functions of code switching that occurred during the defence. The types of code switching were analysed based on Poplack, and the functions of code switching were analysed based on the theories by Gumperz, Hoffman and Holmes. The result showed that there were three types of code switching found in 109 examples during the interactions between the lecturers and the student, they were: intra-sentential switching (77.06%), inter-sentential switching (15.59%), and tag switching (7.33%). In term of the functions of code switching, 10 functions were identified from 68 switches, they were: addressee specification at 22.05%, followed by interjections (16.17%), loanwords (16.17%), message qualifications (11.76%), transfer of the subconscious markers (8.82%), proper names (8.82%), quotations (5.88%), message reiteration (4.41%), personalization versus objectification (2.94%) and specific features of Islamic terms (2.94%) as the least. It can be concluded that in this case, code switching allowed the participants achieve a wide range of important and interesting ends in their discourse during the thesis defence examination

Reformulation of Work Relationships on the Outsourcing System in Indonesian Order to Protecting the Rights of Workers

The research entitled Reformulation of Work Relationship Norms in the Outsourcing System in Indonesia in the Framework of Protecting Workers' Rights was carried out based on normative legal research methods. Based on the analysis and study, it is found that in the Manpower Law, there are 2 (two) types of work agreements that are applied in the outsourcing system, namely a work agreement for an unspecified time (PKWTT) and a certain time work agreement (PKWT).  In each outsourcing company, it is regulated with the option that the work relationship at the company receiving the contract, the option is PKWTT, but it can be agreed upon through PKWT if it meets the requirements of Article 59 (Law No.13 / 2003). Whereas the work relationship option for a company providing worker / labor services is basically PKWT if it meets the requirements referred to in Article 59 (Law No.13 / 2003), but if it does not meet the requirements of Article 59, the working relationship must be PKWTT as long as it is made in writing and signed handle the parties. However, it turns out that Article 59 of the Law No. 13 / 2003 not only regulates the terms of PKWT, but also regulates 2 (two) possible choices of types of work agreements for a job, namely: first, Article 59 paragraph (1) of Law of the Republic of Indonesia. No. 13 of 2003 concerning work relations through PKWT, and second, Article 59 paragraph (2) of Law of the Republic of Indonesia. No. 13 of 2003, regarding employment relations through PKWTT. In relation to the working relationship of the contracting recipient company, the Elucidation of Article 59 paragraph (2) states that part of the production process cannot be agreed upon through PKWT. Meanwhile, in the outsourced work contracting agreement, the option is a work relationship through PKWT or PKWTT. Thus there is a conflict of norms, between the norms of work relations in the outsourcing system required by the employer (user), and the norms that are applied to the outsourcing company. However, outsourcing companies continue to implement a working relationship through non-permanent contracts. As a result, there are at least 15 (fifteen) basic rights, including the constitutional rights of outsourced workers / laborers that are lost or cannot be realized. For this reason, presumably the laws and regulations regarding labor made during the Dutch East Indies government (in Indonesia) are more structured in accordance with the hierarchy of laws and regulations and are harmonious both vertically and horizontally and are coherently intertwined with one another. There is no sectoral ego and no interest from certain parties, so that it can last for decades or even more than one hundred years until now. Even though during the Dutch colonial period, the political law that was enforced was how to regulate the colony so that the monopoly on natural resources could be controlled. In this regard, it is suggested that in the formulation of laws and regulations it can be guided by the laws and regulations at that time which are completely clean from the secular ego without any interest from certain parties. The norms of working relations in the outsourcing system in Indonesian legislation are not harmonious and coherent. Between one another there is a discrepancy and conflict of norms. Therefore, it is necessary to reformulate (rearrange) so that each content of legislation is coherent (interlinked with one another) and reflects the principle of legal certainty, harmony and harmony, so that it can provide protection (protection) to all parties in an equitable manner. Keywords: Reformulation; Work relationship; Transfer System; Legal Protection DOI: 10.7176/JLPG/103-10 Publication date: November 30th 202

The use of Principal’s Efficiency as a tool for Operational Program Execution in Kaduna State Secondary Schools Nigeria: A Pragmatic Examination

Very many researchers are viewing responsibility in discharging official duties as a very essential factor because it rises success and competence in delivering services. The purpose of the study is to investigate how a principal can use his efficiency as a leader to execute policy in secondary schools in Kaduna state. As domestic workers principals are expected to portray the highest assurance in the administration of secondary schools as this will lead to the realization of excellence in educational pursuit. The paper critically pointed out that if secondary education is of good value, precise students will be conceded into tertiary institutions of learning and eventually, experienced graduates will be generated who will work in different aptitudes. This research is limited to Secondary schools and their principals in Kaduna State. The MLQ 5x developed by (Bass & Avolio, 1993) was used as the instrument to measure the Leadership ability of the principal. The population of the study was 400 in which 330 were duly completed and returned with 300 free of problems and fit for analysis. Educated labour force is however competent of implementing government’s policies in a more operative and efficient manner. The research employs descriptive research analysis to analyze principals’ efficiency in Kaduna State secondary schools. The results showed pleasing principal’s efficiency. The researcher therefore suggested that the government should strengthen efforts and provide more suitable means or method including incentive and continual training and re-training of the principals in order to sustain the rhythm as this will guarantee the fulfilment of the desired quality education and then effective application of government policies. Key words: Secondary School Principals, Efficiency, Policy Implementation, Quality Education

Analisis Potensi Wisata Bahari Berbasis Sistem Informasi Geografis di Pantai Langala Provinsi Gorontalo

The research aimed to investigate the maritime tourism potential of Langala Beach. The research was conducted in Dulupi Sub-District, Boalemo Regency, Gorontalo Province. The geographical location of the research area is 000 30' 04 "LU – 1220 29' 11" BT. Data is collected from primary sources and secondary sources. The research uses the triangulation data collection technique, which combines various techniques and data sources. The methods used in this study are survey methods, conformity analysis, in-depth interviews, and regional mapping. The data analysis technique focuses on the percentage assessment of tourism suitability using a marine tourism suitability index analysis for snorkeling and diving, a tourist suitability index analysis for swimming and canoeing, data analysis using the percentage of coral cover per lifeform category for the status of coral reefs. The results of the Langala Beach tourism research for marine tourism (snorkeling and diving) category included in the appropriate category (S2) with a percentage of 80.45% suitability, Langala Beach area for marine tourism category (swimming and canoeing) included in the very appropriate category (S1) with a percentage of suitability level of 93.57%. The condition of coral reefs in the research location, namely station 1, is in the good category with a value of 37.12%, Station 2 and 3 in the medium category with a value of 52.32% and 36.34%

Treatment of bilateral ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint with temporalis superficial fascia interpositional flap

Ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) involves fusion of the mandibular condyle to the base of the skull. Trauma and infection are the leading causes of ankylosis. A case of true bilateral ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint is presented. A 21-year-old male patient had a multiple bone fractures history at the age of 13 due to a sports injury. A TMJ injury might not be detected at that time resulting in a progressive restriction of his mouth opening. He presented with almost complete lack of mobility of the mandible. Surgical treatment was a resection of the ankylotic bone mass, interposition temporalis superficial fascia flaps, and early mobilization and aggressive physiotherapy. The functional results showed good remarks

Profile of Cholelithiasis Underwent Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Patients at The Aloei Saboe Hospital

Introduction: Cholelithiasis is one of the critical health problems. Modern lifestyles can allow gallstone disease in Indonesia to become a health problem that needs attention. The research objective is to know the profile of patients with cholelithiasis who performed laparoscopic cholecystectomy in Aloei Saboe Hospital.Method: The research design is a retrospective descriptive study. The population of this study was cholelithiasis patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy and were treated from January 2020 - December 2021, totaling 234 people. The number of samples is 86 people. We were using a purposive sampling data analysis technique, namely univariate analysis.Results: Regarding the distribution of patients based on sex, the most results were obtained from females (70 people, 81.4%), the largest age group is 46-55 years old (23 people, 26.7%), and the majority of patients did not have a history of diabetes mellitus (76 people, 88.4%).Conclusion: The distribution of cholelithiasis patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the Aloei Saboe Hospital is most common in women aged 46-55, and most patients have no history of diabetes mellitus. This finding may offer a primary data reference for further research adding the number of variables to determine the risk factors for cholelithiasis