Characterization of Reservoir Heterogenity in Carbonate-Ramp Systems, San Andres/Grayburg Permian Basin

This report summarizes research carried out by the Bureau of Economic Geology's San Andres/Grayburg Reservoir Characterization Research Laboratory (RCRL) from September 1988 through September 1990. The goal of the RCRL program was to develop advanced approaches to reservoir characterization for improved recovery of the substantial remaining mobile oil in San Andres and Grayburg reservoirs. Emphasis was placed on developing an outcrop analog for San Andres strata that could be used as (1) a guide to interpreting the regional and local geologic framework of the subsurface reservoirs and (2) a data source illustrating the scales and patterns of variability of rock-fabric facies and petrophysical properties, particularly in lateral dimensions, and on scales that cannot be studied during subsurface reservoir characterization. Areas selected for study were the San Andres exposures of the Algerita Escarpment in the northern Guadalupe Mountains and the Seminole San Andres Unit on the northern margin of the Central Basin Platform. The outcrop-analog research was emphasized because it had received little attention before this study by either industry or academe. Reports in this summary involve (1) outcrop and subsurface geological characterization of the Algerita Escarpment San Andres and the Seminole San Andres Unit (Kerans), (2) correlation of detailed outcrop mapping in order to research cored wells at Lawyer Canyon, Algerita Escarpment (Nance), (3) diagenetic/petrographic analysis of selected upper San Andres facies focusing on the origin of moldic porosity (Hovorka), (4) geologic engineering description of the upper San Andres carbonates at Lawyer Canyon and the upper producing interval at Seminole (Lucia), (5) geostatistical analysis of permeability patterns and stochastic-based finite-difference modeling of the upper San Andres parasequence window (Senger and Fogg), and (6) deterministic finite element modeling of the upper San Andres parasequence window (Kasap). Availability of basic data for these studies is summarized in the appendix.Bureau of Economic Geolog

Analytic Methods to Calculate an Effective Permeability Tensor and Effective Relative Permeabilities for Cross-Bedded Flow Units

Most naturally-occurring permeable media are heterogeneous on too small of a scale to include all the detailed heterogeneity into a numerical simulation. Instead, lumping the effects of those' heterogeneities in a form that can be easily inserted into simulators is an alternative. Many of the effects of those heterogeneities can be quantified analytically by calculating an effective permeability tensor, with non-zero off-diagonal terms, when the heterogeneity is non-uniform. If there exist some prototype regularities, in addition to the effective permeability tensor, effective relative permeabilities can be generated to account for an uneven displacement front in the direction normal to the main flow in viscously dominated flows. For non-uniform heterogeneities, an analytic method to calculate effective cell permeabilities as a tensor based on geometry, size of the numerical cell, tensorial local permeabilities and geology within the cell is proposed. The method is based on flow through parallel and serial cross-beds which is subsequently rotated to arrive at tensorial permeabilities having non-zero off-diagonal terms. The procedure is applied to a simulation of flow through an outcrop of the eolian Page Sandstone. The results of the fluid flow simulations show that the relative positions of the main geologic features and the ratio between the grainflow and windripple permeabilities are more important than bounding surfaces, cross-bedding and dispersion in determining flow behavior. For uniform heterogeneities, an analytical method to generate effective relative permeabilities which account for an uneven displacement front is proposed. The procedure considers only viscously-dominated flows and consists of discretizing the flow unit into subunits and homogenizing each subunit by calculating an effective permeability tensor which resolves cross-bedding and cross-bed orientation. Effective relative permeabilities are then generated analytically to account for differences in sweep between the subunits. · The method is applied to one-dimensional simulations of fluid flow in the C2 and B units of the Page Sandstone with less detail (36 elements, instead of 11520 elements of the detailed simulations). The resulting recovery predictions for different mobility ratios are compared with the ones from the detailed simulations. The comparisons of the recovery predictions indicate that the calculated effective relative permeabilities can capture the effect of heterogeneity on the sweep efficiency. Both methods have been validated using a finite element numerical simulator which models the permeability discontinuities explicitly. Comparison of analytical and numerical effective permeability and effective relative permeabilities indicate that the analytically calculated effective permeabilities and generated effective relative permeabilities are valid, easy to implement, and are practical alternatives to account for detailed heterogeneities in numerical simulationsPetroleum and Geosystems Engineerin

Evolution and long-term outcomes of combined immunodeficiency due to CARMIL2 deficiency

Background Biallelic loss-of-function mutations in CARMIL2 cause combined immunodeficiency associated with dermatitis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and EBV-related smooth muscle tumors. Clinical and immunological characterizations of the disease with long-term follow-up and treatment options have not been previously reported in large cohorts. We sought to determine the clinical and immunological features of CARMIL2 deficiency and long-term efficacy of treatment in controlling different disease manifestations. Methods The presenting phenotypes, long-term outcomes, and treatment responses were evaluated prospectively in 15 CARMIL2-deficient patients, including 13 novel cases. Lymphocyte subpopulations, protein expression, regulatory T (Treg), and circulating T follicular helper (cT(FH)) cells were analyzed. Three-dimensional (3D) migration assay was performed to determine T-cell shape. Results Mean age at disease onset was 38 +/- 23 months. Main clinical features were skin manifestations (n = 14, 93%), failure to thrive (n = 10, 67%), recurrent infections (n = 10, 67%), allergic symptoms (n = 8, 53%), chronic diarrhea (n = 4, 27%), and EBV-related leiomyoma (n = 2, 13%). Skin manifestations ranged from atopic and seborrheic dermatitis to psoriasiform rash. Patients had reduced proportions of memory CD4(+) T cells, Treg, and cT(FH) cells. Memory B and NK cells were also decreased. CARMIL2-deficient T cells exhibited reduced T-cell proliferation and cytokine production following CD28 co-stimulation and normal morphology when migrating in a high-density 3D collagen gel matrix. IBD was the most severe clinical manifestation, leading to growth retardation, requiring multiple interventional treatments. All patients were alive with a median follow-up of 10.8 years (range: 3-17 years). Conclusion This cohort provides clinical and immunological features and long-term follow-up of different manifestations of CARMIL2 deficiency

Evolution and long-term outcomes of combined immunodeficiency due to CARMIL2 deficiency

Background Biallelic loss-of-function mutations in CARMIL2 cause combined immunodeficiency associated with dermatitis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and EBV-related smooth muscle tumors. Clinical and immunological characterizations of the disease with long-term follow-up and treatment options have not been previously reported in large cohorts. We sought to determine the clinical and immunological features of CARMIL2 deficiency and long-term efficacy of treatment in controlling different disease manifestations. Methods The presenting phenotypes, long-term outcomes, and treatment responses were evaluated prospectively in 15 CARMIL2-deficient patients, including 13 novel cases. Lymphocyte subpopulations, protein expression, regulatory T (Treg), and circulating T follicular helper (cT(FH)) cells were analyzed. Three-dimensional (3D) migration assay was performed to determine T-cell shape. Results Mean age at disease onset was 38 +/- 23 months. Main clinical features were skin manifestations (n = 14, 93%), failure to thrive (n = 10, 67%), recurrent infections (n = 10, 67%), allergic symptoms (n = 8, 53%), chronic diarrhea (n = 4, 27%), and EBV-related leiomyoma (n = 2, 13%). Skin manifestations ranged from atopic and seborrheic dermatitis to psoriasiform rash. Patients had reduced proportions of memory CD4(+) T cells, Treg, and cT(FH) cells. Memory B and NK cells were also decreased. CARMIL2-deficient T cells exhibited reduced T-cell proliferation and cytokine production following CD28 co-stimulation and normal morphology when migrating in a high-density 3D collagen gel matrix. IBD was the most severe clinical manifestation, leading to growth retardation, requiring multiple interventional treatments. All patients were alive with a median follow-up of 10.8 years (range: 3-17 years). Conclusion This cohort provides clinical and immunological features and long-term follow-up of different manifestations of CARMIL2 deficiency

Body mass index and complications following major gastrointestinal surgery: a prospective, international cohort study and meta-analysis.

AIM: Previous studies reported conflicting evidence on the effects of obesity on outcomes after gastrointestinal surgery. The aims of this study were to explore the relationship of obesity with major postoperative complications in an international cohort and to present a meta-analysis of all available prospective data. METHODS: This prospective, multicentre study included adults undergoing both elective and emergency gastrointestinal resection, reversal of stoma or formation of stoma. The primary end-point was 30-day major complications (Clavien-Dindo Grades III-V). A systematic search was undertaken for studies assessing the relationship between obesity and major complications after gastrointestinal surgery. Individual patient meta-analysis was used to analyse pooled results. RESULTS: This study included 2519 patients across 127 centres, of whom 560 (22.2%) were obese. Unadjusted major complication rates were lower in obese vs normal weight patients (13.0% vs 16.2%, respectively), but this did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.863) on multivariate analysis for patients having surgery for either malignant or benign conditions. Individual patient meta-analysis demonstrated that obese patients undergoing surgery for malignancy were at increased risk of major complications (OR 2.10, 95% CI 1.49-2.96, P < 0.001), whereas obese patients undergoing surgery for benign indications were at decreased risk (OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.46-0.75, P < 0.001) compared to normal weight patients. CONCLUSIONS: In our international data, obesity was not found to be associated with major complications following gastrointestinal surgery. Meta-analysis of available prospective data made a novel finding of obesity being associated with different outcomes depending on whether patients were undergoing surgery for benign or malignant disease

Body mass index and complications following major gastrointestinal surgery: A prospective, international cohort study and meta-analysis

Aim Previous studies reported conflicting evidence on the effects of obesity on outcomes after gastrointestinal surgery. The aims of this study were to explore the relationship of obesity with major postoperative complications in an international cohort and to present a metaanalysis of all available prospective data. Methods This prospective, multicentre study included adults undergoing both elective and emergency gastrointestinal resection, reversal of stoma or formation of stoma. The primary end-point was 30-day major complications (Clavien\u2013Dindo Grades III\u2013V). A systematic search was undertaken for studies assessing the relationship between obesity and major complications after gastrointestinal surgery. Individual patient meta-analysis was used to analyse pooled results. Results This study included 2519 patients across 127 centres, of whom 560 (22.2%) were obese. Unadjusted major complication rates were lower in obese vs normal weight patients (13.0% vs 16.2%, respectively), but this did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.863) on multivariate analysis for patients having surgery for either malignant or benign conditions. Individual patient meta-analysis demonstrated that obese patients undergoing surgery formalignancy were at increased risk of major complications (OR 2.10, 95% CI 1.49\u20132.96, P &lt; 0.001), whereas obese patients undergoing surgery for benign indications were at decreased risk (OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.46\u20130.75, P &lt; 0.001) compared to normal weight patients. Conclusions In our international data, obesity was not found to be associated with major complications following gastrointestinal surgery. Meta-analysis of available prospective data made a novel finding of obesity being associated with different outcomes depending on whether patients were undergoing surgery for benign or malignant disease

Body mass index and complications following major gastrointestinal surgery: A prospective, international cohort study and meta-analysis

Aim Previous studies reported conflicting evidence on the effects of obesity on outcomes after gastrointestinal surgery. The aims of this study were to explore the relationship of obesity with major postoperative complications in an international cohort and to present a metaanalysis of all available prospective data. Methods This prospective, multicentre study included adults undergoing both elective and emergency gastrointestinal resection, reversal of stoma or formation of stoma. The primary end-point was 30-day major complications (Clavien–Dindo Grades III–V). A systematic search was undertaken for studies assessing the relationship between obesity and major complications after gastrointestinal surgery. Individual patient meta-analysis was used to analyse pooled results. Results This study included 2519 patients across 127 centres, of whom 560 (22.2%) were obese. Unadjusted major complication rates were lower in obese vs normal weight patients (13.0% vs 16.2%, respectively), but this did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.863) on multivariate analysis for patients having surgery for either malignant or benign conditions. Individual patient meta-analysis demonstrated that obese patients undergoing surgery formalignancy were at increased risk of major complications (OR 2.10, 95% CI 1.49–2.96, P < 0.001), whereas obese patients undergoing surgery for benign indications were at decreased risk (OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.46–0.75, P < 0.001) compared to normal weight patients. Conclusions In our international data, obesity was not found to be associated with major complications following gastrointestinal surgery. Meta-analysis of available prospective data made a novel finding of obesity being associated with different outcomes depending on whether patients were undergoing surgery for benign or malignant disease