Effects of post-warning specificity on memory performance and confidence in the eyewitness misinformation paradigm

The influence of post-event misinformation on memory is typically constrained by post-warnings (Blank & Launay, 2014), but little is known about the effectiveness of particular features of post-warning, such as their specificity. Experiment 1 compared two levels of post-warning specificity: A general post-warning just stated the presence of misinformation, whereas a specific post-warning identified the test items for which misinformation had been presented earlier. The specific post-warning, but not the general post-warning, eliminated both the misinformation effect and its deleterious impact on memory monitoring (using a classic two-alternative forced-choice recognition procedure). Experiment 2 ruled out an alternative interpretation of these findings and replicated this post-warning specificity pattern using a cued-recall test. In addition to the moderating influence of task representations on misinformation acceptance, we also observed two unexpected facilitative effects on event memory caused by misinformation. Misinformation facilitated event memory during narrative encoding if discrepancies between the event and the narrative were detected (Experiment 1) and during retrieval if a specific post-warning was combined with cued recall (Experiment 2). We interpret the facilitative effect of discrepancy detection within Jacoby, Wahlheim and Kelley’s (2015) recursive-remindings framework on noticing and recollecting change

Memoria de testigos: patrón de distorsión de los recuerdos por la presentación de información falsa

[ES] Los testigos expuestos a información falsa tras un suceso delictivo tienen bastantes posibilidades de incluirla en su recuerdo del acontecimiento. En este experimento se demuestra que las acciones y los elementos de tipicidad alta son los contenidos falsos que se aceptan con mayor facilidad. Esto es debido al uso de esquemas de conocimiento, que permiten extraer información cuando no ha sido codificada o almacenada. La información falsa y los esquemas fomentan la inclusión de contenidos falsos en el recuerdo del testigo. La información falsa, igualmente, tiene efecto sobre la experiencia subjetiva asociada a los recuerdos.[EU] Delitu egintza baten ondoren informazio faltsua jaso duten lekukoek, gertatutakoa oroitzapenean gordetzeko aukera asko dute. Esperimentu honetan, tipikotasun altuko akzio eta osagaiak, erraztasun osoz onartzen diren eduki faltsuak direla demostratzen da. Ezagutza eskemak erabiltzeagatik gertatzen da hau, era honetan gorde edo kodifikatu gabe dagoen informazioa atera dezakegulako. Informazio faltsuak eta eskemek lekukoaren oroitzapenean eduki faltsuen barneratzea sustatzen dute. Informazio faltsuak, oroitzapenei loturiko esperientzia subjetiboan ere badu efektua.[FR] Les témoins qui sont exposés à des fausses informations après un acte délictueux ont des nombreuses possibilités de l’inclure dans leur souvenir de cet événement. Dans cette expérience on démontre que les actions et les éléments plus typiques sont les contenus faux acceptés plus facilement. La raison de tout ça est l’utilisation des schémas de connaissance, qui permettent d’extraire une information quand elle n’a pas été codifiée ou stockée. La fausse information et les schémas favorisent l’inclusion de faux contenus dans la mémoire du témoin. La fausse information, également, a un effet important sur l’expérience subjective associée aux souvenirs.[EN] The witnesses exposed to false information after a criminal event have a lot possibilities of including it in their souvenir of the event. In this experiment it is demonstrated that actions and elements highly typical are the false contents that witnesses accept more easily. The reason of that is the use of knowledge schemes that allow extracting information when this information has not been codified or stored. The false information and the schemes favour the inclusion of false contents in the witness’ memory. The false information has effect also on the subjective experiences associated with souvenirs

A confiança em testemunhas : o papel das diferenças individuais

Por vezes, a confiança com que uma testemunha recorda um crime relaciona-se com a exatidão da recordação. A investigação sugere que esta relação é complexa e pode ser influenciada por diferenças individuais. Neste estudo procurou-se perceber qual a influência da autoestima, impulsividade e tipo de tomada de decisão nesta relação. No procedimento apresentou-se um vídeo de um assalto, questões sobre este, e pediu-se a atribuição de julgamentos de confiança sobre as respostas. Os participantes responderam e julgaram também questões de conhecimento geral e responderam a escalas de autoestima (Rosemberg Self-esteem Scale), impulsividade (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale) e tipo de tomada de decisão (Cognitive Reflection Test). Os resultados revelam não haver influência das variáveis estudadas na calibração, sobreconfiança e exatidão das respostas, e também mostram maior subconfiança em questões de conhecimento geral comparativamente com as questões de testemunho. Os resultados indicam também que os participantes que utilizam um processo mais racional nas suas tomadas de decisão (sistema 2) apresentam maior exatidão e confiança do que os participantes que utilizam um processo mais intuitivo (sistema 1).(undefined

La entrevista cognitiva mejorada: cómo interrogar a un testigo de manera eficaz

La entrevista cognitiva está considerada como una de las técnicas más eficaces para mejorar la calidad de la declaración de un testigo. Inicialmente incluía cuatro técnicas: reinstauración del contexto, contarlo todo, cambio de perspectiva y cambio de orden, pero se han introducido otras nuevas, dando lugar a la entrevista cognitiva mejorada. Esta nueva entrevista, además de mejorar la calidad de la declaración de los testigos, también parece ser útil para otros propósitos, como detectar mentiras, o para mejorar el bienestar mental de las víctimas. Repasamos brevemente la investigación existente y las técnicas más relevantes para ambos tipos de entrevista

Judgments of Learning for Words in Vertical Space

Close relationship between physical space and internal knowledge representations has received ample support in the literature. For example, location of visually perceived information in vertical space has been shown to affect different numerical judgments. In addition, physical dimensions, such as weight or font size, were shown to affect judgments of learning (JOLs, an estimation of the likelihood that an item will be remembered later, or its perceived memorability). In two experiments we tested the hypothesis that differences in positioning words in vertical space may affect their perceived memorability, i.e., JOLs. In both Experiments, the words were presented in lower or in upper screen locations. In Experiment 1, JOLs were collected in the centre of the screen following word presentation. In Experiment 2, JOLs were collected at the point of word presentation and in the same location. In both experiments participants completed a free recall test. JOLs were compared between different vertically displaced presentation locations. In general, Bayesian analyses showed evidence in support for the null effect of vertical location on JOLs. We interpret our results as indicating that the effects of physical dimensions on JOLs are mediated by subjective importance, information that vertical location alone fails to convey

Construção e validação de questões de conhecimento geral

Várias linhas de investigação da memória recorrem a questões de conhecimento geral como estímulo, utilizando dados de exatidão e confiança na resposta às mesmas. Estudos prévios revelam que a dificuldade das questões pode dificultar o estudo de vários fenómenos, pelo que é necessário controlo sobre a sua seleção. O presente estudo procurou desenvolver e testar um conjunto de questões de conhecimento geral que possam ser utilizados no futuro. Os participantes responderam a 40 questões de conhecimento geral e teceram julgamentos de confiança relativos à resposta a cada uma das questões. Nos resultados são apresentadas as médias de exatidão e confiança de cada questão. Este estudo providencia novo material a ser utilizado em investigações futuras, permitindo a escolha de questões pela sua exatidão e confiança ou até pelo viés de resposta.Several research lines on memory use general knowledge questions as stimulus to gather data on accuracy and confidence. Previous studies have shown that the difficulty of the items may hamper the study of various phenomena, whereby control over the selection of stimuli is necessary. The present study aimed to develop and test a set of general knowledge questions that can be used in future research. The participants answered to 40 general knowledge questions and judged their confidence with regard to each answer. On the results we present the means of accuracy and confidence for each question. This study provides new material to be used in future research, allowing the selection of questions by their accuracy and confidence and even at response bias

Efecto del tipo de prueba de evaluación en la memoria y valoración de marcas publicitarias

Memory tests are frequently used to measure the effectiveness of an advertisement. However, as different tests provide different kinds of information it is important to know which type of test is the most appropriate. The main objective of this investigation was to study the effect of different memory tests on the number of brands recalled and the level of interest generated by them. A group of participants wrote down all the brands of any kind of product that they remembered having seen advertised (free recall test) and rated their interest in each brand. Subsequently, the partici-pants were given a list of 27 categories and wrote down the brands they associated with the categories (cued recall test) and also rated their level of interest. The results showed that although the participants generated more brand names with the cued recall test, the brand names mentioned in the free recall test generated greater interest. These results highlight the importance of choosing the correct memory test to measure the effect of publicity.Una de las maneras más frecuentes de medir la efectividad de un anuncio publicitario es mediante el uso de pruebas de memoria. Sin embargo, cada prueba de evaluación aporta un tipo de información diferente por lo que es importante saber cuál es la más conveniente. El objetivo principal de esta investigación ha sido examinar el efecto que tiene el tipo de prueba de memoria tanto en el recuerdo de marcas publicitarias como en el interés subjetivo que estas generan. Un grupo de participantes escribieron marcas de productos que recordaran haber visto anunciados (prueba de recuerdo libre) y valoraron el interés por cada marca. Después recibieron un listado de 27 categorías y escribieron marcas de productos asociadas a ellas (prueba de recuerdo con clave) y también valoraron su interés. Los resultados muestran que con la prueba de recuerdo con clave se generó un mayor número de marcas, pero que las generadas en la tarea de recuerdo libre fueron evaluadas con mayores niveles de interés. Estos resultados muestran la importancia de escoger una tarea de memoria adecuada para medir el efecto de la publicidad

The mechanisms underlying grammatical gender selection in language production: a meta-analysis of the gender congruency effect

Grammatical gender retrieval during language production has been largely addressed through the picture-word interference (PWI) paradigm, with the aim of capturing the so-called gender congruency effect (GCE). In the PWI paradigm, participants name target pictures while ignoring superimposed written distractor nouns. The GCE shows faster responses when target and distractor nouns share the same gender than when gender differs. Yet, the locus of this effect is not clear: it might be either due to the selection of a determiner or due to the selection of a gender node at the lemma level, which may be primed or delayed by competition. Importantly, many of those who argue that the GCE is not a genuine effect of gender conclude that gender is a feature that is retrieved automatically. Such a claim is controversial since the PWI paradigm has been seen as too complex and perhaps not sensitive enough to capture small effects. Besides, for Romance languages, mixed results draw a complex picture with effects occurring mainly in the opposite direction, i.e., a gender incongruency effect (GIE). In the present study, we conducted a meta-analysis of the 18 studies that have addressed this issue. The results confirm the existence of the GCE as a determiner effect in Germanic/Slavic languages, while little support is found for the GIE in Romance languages. Nevertheless, we argue that the absence of gender effects in Germanic and Slavic languages within the PWI paradigm cannot be taken as evidence of an absence of priming/competition during gender selection and thus as evidence of an automatic selection of gender. Parametric replication of previous studies, especially those featuring bound morphemes, together with the use of other measuring techniques such as event related potentials are suggested as a way forwardThis work was supported by the Government of Spain, Spanish Ministry of Education and Vocational Training, through the Training program for Academic Staff (Ayudas para la Formación del Profesorado Universitario, FPU [FPU16/06983]); the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation [research project PID2019-110583GB-I00]; the Galician Government [grant for research groups ED431B 2019/2020]; and the Foundation for Science and Technology of Portugal [IF / 00784/2013 / CP1158 / CT0013]. Finally, the study has also been partially supported by the FCT and the Portuguese Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education through national funds and co-financed by FEDER- European Regional Development Fund through COMPETE2020 under the PT2020 Partnership Agreement [POCI-01-0145- FEDER-007653]S

The Gender Congruency Effect across languages in bilinguals: A meta-analysis

In the study of gender representation and processing in bilinguals, two contrasting perspectives exist: integrated vs. the autonomous (Costa, Kovacic, Fedorenko, & Caramazza, 2003). In the former, cross-linguistic interactions during the selection of grammatical gender values are expected; in the latter, they are not. To address this issue, authors have typically explored the cross-linguistic Gender Congruency Effect (GCE: a facilitation on the naming or translation of second language [L2] nouns when their first language [L1] translations are of the same gender, in comparison to those of a different gender). However, the literature suggests that this effect is sometimes difficult to observe and might vary as a function of variables such as the syntactic structure produced to translate or name the target (bare nouns vs. noun phrases), the phonological gender transparency of both languages (whether or not they have phonological gender cues associated with the ending letter [e.g., “–a” for feminine words and “–o” for masculine words in Romance languages]), the degree of L2 proficiency, and task requirements (naming vs. translation). The aim of the present quantitative meta-analysis is to examine the robustness of the cross-linguistic GCE obtained during language production. It involves 25 experiments from 11 studies. The results support a bilingual gender-integrated view, in that they show a small but significant GC effect regardless of the variables mentioned above.This paper was funded through the state budget with reference IF / 00784/2013 / CP1158 / CT0013. The study has also been partially supported by the FCT and the Portuguese Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education through national funds and co-financed by FEDER through COMPETE2020 under the PT2020 Partnership Agreement (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007653). Government of Spain—Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports—through the Training program for Academic Staff (Ayudas para la Formación del Profesorado Universitario, FPU grant BOE-B-2017-2646), the research project (reference PSI2015-65116-P) granted by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, and the grant for research groups (reference ED431B 2019/2020) from the Galician Government, as well as by the FCT (Foundation for Science and Technology, Portugal) through the state budget (reference IF / 00784/2013 / CP1158 / CT0013). Finally, the study has also been partially supported by the FCT and the Portuguese Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education through national funds and co-financed by FEDER through COMPETE2020 under the PT2020 Partnership Agreement (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007653

Comparison of Anthropometric Profile and Cognitive Performance of Elite and Non-Elite Beach Volleyball Athletes

To compare the anthropometric profile and cognitive performance of elite and non-elite beach volleyball athletes. Comparative and descriptive study. The sample was composed by 8 athletes, divided in 2 groups: elite (n = 4) and non-elite (n = 4). They were evaluated in anthropometric parameters age, weight and height, and the variables of the cognitive performance evaluated by the battery of computerized tests CogState® (Brief Battery): Detection (Simple Reaction Time); Identification (Choice Reaction Time); One Back Speed (Working Memory); One Back Acuracy (Short Term Memory). Data were classified as non-parametric with the dispersion curve analysis performed by the Shapiro Wilk test. Anthropometric profile and cognitive performance variables were compared with the Mann Whitney U test between the groups. The procedures were performed with a significance level of p < 0.05 using the Statistical Package for the Social Science - SPSS®, Version 25.0. It was observed that there was significant difference in the anthropometric profile in the variable age (sig = 0.029) and in the cognitive performance significant differences occurred in the variables Detec (sig = 0.029) and Indent (sig = 0.029) of elite and not elite athletes of the beach volleyball modality. Elite and non-elite beach volleyball athletes present significant differences in the anthropometric variable (Age) and in the variables of cognitive performance (Detection and Identification) where elite athletes have a better cognitive performance than the non- elite athletes