Screening of the central nervous system in children with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Analisa Pembayaran Pajak Dan Persepsi Penghasilan Menurut Wajib Pajak Orang Pribadi Yang Membayar Persepuluhan

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui persepsi penghasilan menurut Wajib Pajak Orang Pribadi yang membayar persepuluhan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan melihat definisi penghasilan menurut Wajib Pajak melalui pembayaran persepuluhan yang dilakukannya, karena pembayaran persepuluhan didasari oleh pemikiran masing-masing individu terkait apa saja yang termasuk dalam penghasilan (self-defined income). Jumlah responden yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah 30 Wajib Pajak Orang Pribadi di Surabaya yang menganut agama Kristen. Teknik analisa yang digunakan adalah metode sequential explanatory design, yang diawali dengan analisa kuantitatif menggunakan Uji Beda Dua Kelompok dan kemudian dilanjutkan dengan analisa kualitatif.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Wajib Pajak cenderung memiliki persepsi bahwa yang termasuk dalam definisi penghasilan adalah penerimaan kas, yang diukur dengan jumlah total kas yang diterima dalam suatu periode tertentu. Kemudian juga ditemukan bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan antara pembayaran persepuluhan yang dilakukan oleh Wajib Pajak dengan pembayaran Pajak Penghasilan, yang artinya bahwa perilaku pembayaran Pajak Penghasilan dilakukan sesuai dengan persepsi penghasilan menurut Wajib Pajak. Dari analisa kualitatif dalam penelitian ini, ditemukan bahwa persepsi Wajib Pajak terkait dengan praktek perpajakan di Indonesia juga berperan dalam pembayaran pajak yang dilakukan oleh Wajib Pajak

The association of genetic predisposition to depressive symptoms with non-suicidal and suicidal self-Injuries

Non-suicidal and suicidal self-injury are very destructive, yet surprisingly common behaviours. Depressed mood is a major risk factor for non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. We conducted a genetic risk prediction study to examine the polygenic overlap of depressive symptoms with lifetime NSSI, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts in a sample of 6237 Australian adult twins and their family members (3740 females, mean age\ua0=\ua042.4\ua0years). Polygenic risk scores for depressive symptoms significantly predicted suicidal ideation, and some predictive ability was found for suicide attempts; the polygenic risk scores explained a significant amount of variance in suicidal ideation (lowest p\ua0=\ua00.008, explained variance ranging from 0.10 to 0.16\ua0%) and, less consistently, in suicide attempts (lowest p\ua0=\ua00.04, explained variance ranging from 0.12 to 0.23\ua0%). Polygenic risk scores did not significantly predict NSSI. Results highlight that individuals genetically predisposed to depression are also more likely to experience suicidal ideation/behaviour, whereas we found no evidence that this is also the case for NSSI

Older fathers' children have lower evolutionary fitness across four centuries and in four populations

Peer reviewe

A genome-wide association study of self-rated health

Self-rated health questions have been proven to be a highly reliable and valid measure of overall health as measured by other indicators in many population groups. It also has been shown to be a very good predictor of mortality, chronic or severe diseases, and the need for services, and is positively correlated with clinical assessments. Genetic factors have been estimated to account for 25-64% of the variance in the liability of self-rated health. The aim of the present study was to identify Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) underlying the heritability of self-rated health by conducting a genome-wide association analysis in a large sample of 6,706 Australian individuals aged 18-92. No genome wide significant SNPs associated with self-rated health could be identified, indicating that self-rated health may be influenced by a large number of SNPs with very small effect size. A very large sample will be needed to identify these SNPs

Relaxed selection and mutation accumulation are best studied empirically : reply to Woodley of Menie et al.

Correction to: replay to Woodley of Menie et al. 10.1098/rspb.2018.1427.Peer reviewe

Meta-analysis of Genome-Wide Association Studies for Extraversion: Findings from the Genetics of Personality Consortium

Extraversion is a relatively stable and heritable personality trait associated with numerous psychosocial, lifestyle and health outcomes. Despite its substantial heritability, no genetic variants have been detected in previous genome-wide association (GWA) studies, which may be due to relatively small sample sizes of those studies. Here, we report on a large meta-analysis of GWA studies for extraversion in 63,030 subjects in 29 cohorts. Extraversion item data from multiple personality inventories were harmonized across inventories and cohorts. No genome-wide significant associations were found at the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) level but there was one significant hit at the gene level for a long non-coding RNA site (LOC101928162). Genome-wide complex trait analysis in two large cohorts showed that the additive variance explained by common SNPs was not significantly different from zero, but polygenic risk scores, weighted using linkage information, significantly predicted extraversion scores in an independent cohort. These results show that extraversion is a highly polygenic personality trait, with an architecture possibly different from other complex human traits, including other personality traits. Future studies are required to further determine which genetic variants, by what modes of gene action, constitute the heritable nature of extraversion

Genetic aetiology of self-harm ideation and behaviour

Family studies have identified a heritable component to self-harm that is partially independent from comorbid psychiatric disorders. However, the genetic aetiology of broad sense (non-suicidal and suicidal) self-harm has not been characterised on the molecular level. In addition, controversy exists about the degree to which suicidal and non-suicidal self-harm share a common genetic aetiology. In the present study, we conduct genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on lifetime self-harm ideation and self-harm behaviour (i.e. any lifetime self-harm act regardless of suicidal intent) using data from the UK Biobank (n > 156,000). We also perform genome wide gene-based tests and characterize the SNP heritability and genetic correlations between these traits. Finally, we test whether polygenic risk scores (PRS) for self-harm ideation and self-harm behaviour predict suicide attempt, suicide thoughts and non-suicidal self-harm (NSSH) in an independent target sample of 8,703 Australian adults. Our GWAS results identified one genome-wide significant locus associated with each of the two phenotypes. SNP heritability (h) estimates were ~10%, and both traits were highly genetically correlated (LDSC r > 0.8). Gene-based tests identified seven genes associated with self-harm ideation and four with self-harm behaviour. Furthermore, in the target sample, PRS for self-harm ideation were significantly associated with suicide thoughts and NSSH, and PRS for self-harm behaviour predicted suicide thoughts and suicide attempt. Follow up regressions identified a shared genetic aetiology between NSSH and suicide thoughts, and between suicide thoughts and suicide attempt. Evidence for shared genetic aetiology between NSSH and suicide attempt was not statistically significant

The genetic aetiology of cannabis use initiation: a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies and a SNP-based heritability estimation

While initiation of cannabis use is around 40% heritable, not much is known about the underlying genetic aetiology. Here, we meta-analysed two genome-wide association studies of initiation of cannabis use with >10000 individuals. None of the genetic variants reached genome-wide significance. We also performed a gene-based association test, which also revealed no significant effects of individual genes. Finally, we estimated that only approximately 6% of the variation in cannabis initiation is due to common genetic variants. Future genetic studies using larger sample sizes and different methodologies (including sequencing) might provide more insight in the complex genetic aetiology of cannabis use