The evolution of roman frontier defence systems and fortifications the lower danube provinces in the first and second centuries AD

The defence of the Roman Empire from barbarian attacks depended on two distinct but interrelated features: the actual fortifications on the borders of the imperial provinces and the troops that garrisoned them. The main aim of this dissertation is to provide a collective analysis of Roman defence systems on the Lower Danube region, i.e. the provinces of Pannonia Inferior, Moesia Superior, Moesia Inferior and Dacia. The period of study spans from the early first century to the middle of the second century AD, a period which corresponds to the gradual emergence and final consolidation of the Roman frontier defence systems in the area. On the basis of the physical evidence that has survived from the frontier fortifications of the Lower Danube area, this study attempts to present a reconstruction of the strategic and tactical situation on the frontier and to provide some fresh observations on the motives behind the creation, purpose and function of Roman frontiers during the early Principate. After a brief introduction on some of the views that have been put forward on the subject, the main part of the thesis is divided into four separate chapters, one for each of the provinces studied. These chapters study the fortifications themselves in order to establish their date and garrison so as to offer an evaluation of the characteristic features of the defensive system of each frontier sector. The last chapter brings together the above information in order to produce some conclusions on the defence systems in the area, especially in relation to the rationale behind their creation and subsequent development

¿Cómo están de satisfechos los profesores griegos de inglés como lengua extranjera con su trabajo? Investigación de la motivación y de los niveles de satisfacción de trabajo del profesorado de inglés en Grecia

The unstable and adverse working conditions Greek EFL (English as a Foreign Language) teachers are called to operate within as well as the scarcity of research on EFL teachers’ job satisfaction more generally, prompted this study which aimed at identifying the job satisfaction levels and sources of motivation of Greek EFL teachers. The findings of this survey shed light on the factors/issues that affect EFL teachers’ motivation and that need to be taken into account by educational policy makers and school advisors, if high quality public school foreign language education is to be achieved.Las difíciles condiciones de trabajo de los profesores de inglés como lengua extranjera (‘EFL’) y la escasez de encuestas sobre la satisfacción del trabajo del profesorado de inglés da lugar a esta investigación, la cual espera identificar los niveles de satisfacción de trabajo y las fuentes de motivación de los docentes griegos de inglés. Los resultados de esta investigación muestran los factores que afectan a la motivación del profesorado de inglés como lengua extranjera. Estos factores han de tener en cuenta los responsables de las políticas educativas y a la Inspección educativa si se desea conseguir un alto nivel de la enseñanza de la lengua extranjera en la escuela pública

El orador-cisne: Luciano, la retórica y los rétores

Lucian of Samosata, the satirical author of the second century AD, is known especially for his four collections of short dialogues (those of the Gods, the Dead, the Courtesans and the Sea-gods). However, he produced a large and varied oeuvre, which can be studied from different angles. The present paper is about Lucian’s attitude towards rhetoric and rhetors, under five points of vue: i) the reference of Lucian to the attic orators, ii) the quoted rhetorical texts, iii) some lucianic works written in rhetorical style, iv) the tribunal scenes in Lucian and v) the role of the personnification of Rhetoric in them.Luciano, autor que nació en Samosata de Siria, vivió en pleno siglo II de nuestra era. Estudió retórica y practicó la profesión de rétor durante un tiempo bastante largo. Aunque no escribió comedias, Luciano es un autor de vena satírica y eso se nota en cada una de sus obras, cuyos títulos sobrepasan los ochenta. Nuestro estudio es una investigación sobre la parodia de los rétores áticos en Luciano y consta de cinco partes distintas: las referencias a los rétores áticos en la obra de Luciano y el modo en que los presenta, los textos retóricos citados, algunas obras de Luciano escritas en estilo retórico, las escenas de tribunal en las obras lucianescas y el papel de la Retórica personificada en ellas. Así entenderemos mejor la idea que tenía Luciano sobre la retórica y los oradores en su época y estudiaremos «por dentro» este mecanismo diferente que utilizó Luciano para acercarse a los textos clásicos

http://www.CompanyNameSucks.com: The Horizontal Effect of Fundamental Rights on Private Parties within Autonomous Internet Law

Much critique has recently been raised over the role played by ICANN Panels, when they adjudicate disputes over domain names. This article deals with the highly contentious question, whether or not ICANN Panels should or may enforce fundamental rights (e.g. free speech rights) against private parties within the legal order of ICANN, understood by us as semi-autonomous. Our thesis in this regard is that ICANN Panels in fact concretise fundamental rights within Cyberspace on the basis of a fiction. They draw upon the fiction of a common core of globally applicable principles of law, which include even human rights. Building upon an ultimatly fictitious legal basis, ICANN Panels in turn concretise a certain number of fundamental rights specific to the realm of Cyberspace. These rights may eventually develop into what we call a common law of the Internet

Civil Society Constitutionalism: the Power of Contract Law

This article argues that the vision of a social law of contract is exhibited in the judgment of the Swiss Federal Court in Post v. Verein gegen Tierfabriken ( VgT ). The judgment is one of a law of contract that interacts with a community of the subjects instead of the individual subjects of a community. This paper contends that law today has the task of providing for the areas of social autonomy from which civil society is built up and in which, at the same time, the increasing social fragmentation can be overcome piecemeal. The article argues that conceiving contract law as civil society constitutionalism, as the constitution not of the state but of society, is the jurisprudential task for our time. Governing Contracts – Public and Private Perspectives, Symposium. Osgoode Hall Law School, Toronto, November 9-10, 200

La lutte pour la terre macédonienne : un projet grec de 1909

Comment « sauver » la Macédoine des Bulgares ? Le consul de Grèce à Serrès, Sachtouris, voit là, en 1909, un problème autant agraire que national. À cette question qui obsède les politiques grecs de son temps, il croit trouver une solution : acheter des tchifliks qui seraient ensuite partagés entre des paysans que les propriétaires hellènes se chargeraient « d’helléniser ». Conjoncture difficile, hausse des prix, manque de volonté des financiers, son plan reste inappliqué, en revanche les Jeunes-Turcs achèteront des terres pour « turquifier »... la Macédoine.How to « save » Macedonia from Bulgarians? The Greek consul at Serres, Sachtouris, sees in that question, in 1909, a problem that is national as much as it is agrarian. To this particular question, that obsesses Greek politician of his time, he believes that he has found a solution: buy tchifliks which would be then shared among farmers that the Greek owners would then try to turn into Hellenes. Due to the difficult economic situation, the rising prices, the lack of willingness on behalf of the financial contributors, his plans was never implemented, quite the contrary, it was the Young Turks who bought land in order to turn Macedonia...into a Turkish territory.Πώς να « σωθεί » η Μακεδονία από τους Βουλγάρους ; Ο πρόξενος της Ελλάδας στις Σέρρες, Σαχτούρης, το 1909 εντοπίζει ένα πρόβλημα τόσο αγροτικό όσο και εθνικό. Σ’αυτό το ερώτημα που βασανίζει τους έλληνες πολιτικούς της εποχής, πιστεύει ότι βρήκε τη λύση : την αγορά τσιφλικιών που κατόπιν θα μοιράζονταν σε αγρότες που οι έλληνες ιδιοκτήτες τους θα « εξελλήνιζαν ». Οι δύσκολες περιστάσεις, η αύξηση των τιμών, έλλειψη θέλησης από μέρους των χρηματιστών δεν επιτρέπουν την πραγματοποίηση του σχεδίου. Αντίθετα, οι Νεότουρκοι, θα αγοράσουν γη για να « εκτουρκίσουν » αυτοί τη Μακεδονία

Eagle vs. Dragon Show Cancelled Due to Popular Uprising: A discursive analysis of US and Chinese engagement in Africa and the silencing of alternatives

China’s recent engagement with Africa has attracted a significant amount of attention among United States (US) policymakers, academics, journalists and think tanks. By exploring this commentary through an emerging dominant discourse on China’s engagement in Africa, this article argues that it is interwoven with a discourse on US engagement in Africa, performing a Manichean dynamics that reflects analysis of China’s engagement in Africa through a US lens. As a result, alternative discourses and insights are silenced as China’s engagement in Africa is interpreted through issues counterpoised to those with which the US distinguishes itself. In establishing this dynamics in the dominant discourse, its rhetorical nature is further demonstrated through alternative discourses on the effects of US and Chinese engagement in Africa. Using alternative discourses to de-center the rhetoric in dominant discourses on the benefits of free markets and the disadvantages of state led development, the US and China become perceived as both engaging in Africa through existing economic and political structures in a shared pursuit of markets and resources. The effects of US and Chinese engagement are discussed in regards to these pursuits. Giving voice to alternative discourses reveals the rhetorical nature of the dominant discourses that reflect more about US values than the implications of China’s engagement in Africa

RECHTSMUTATION ZU GENESE UND EVOLUTION DES RECHTS IM TRANSNATIONALEN RAUM

U nastojanju svladavanja transnacionalnog prava trebamo odbaciti hijerarhijske pravne modele, koji su sve do danas dominirali zapadnim pravnim diskursom. Pojavom novog svjetskog društva pravo se mjenja. U ovom tekstu ta se mutacija razumije kao novi oblik interakcije s pravnim tekstom. Dok je do danas pravo bilo tumačeno s obzirom na auctoritas tj. s obzirom na stanovitu izvanjsku referencu (npr. Boga, Kralja, Papu, Zakonodavca), taj se način interakcije s pravnim tekstom ne može više nositi s novim normativnim fenomenom koji se u recentnoj literaturi podvodi pod koncept transnacionalnog prava. Inspirirani ždovskim modelom tumačenja pravnih tekstova - kao primjerom alternativnog i primjerenijeg pristupa globalnom pravnom fenomenu - autori su taj argument pokušali elaborirati na primjeru europskog privatnog prava.In order to cope with transnational law, we have to abandon hierarchical legal models which, up to the present, have dominated western legal discourse. In the emergence of a new world society, law is undergoing a mutation. This mutation is here understood as a new form of interaction with legal texts. While law has been interpreted until now with regard to auctoritas, i.e. to an external reference (e. g. God, the King, the Pope, the Legislator), this mode of interaction with the legal text can no longer grasp new normative phenomena which in the recent literature have been subsumed under the concept of transnational law. The authors take inspiration from the Jewish model of interpretation of legal texts – as an example of an alternative and more adequate approach to global legal phenomena – and try to elaborate this argument on the basis of European private law

Χημικές πληροφορίες από συσκευασίες καταναλωτικών προϊόντων στη διδασκαλία της Χημείας Α΄ τάξης Λυκείου

Η εκπαίδευση στη Χημεία βοηθάει ώστε οι μαθητές να εξελιχθούν σε χημικά εγγράμματους πολίτες, οι οποίοι θα είναι σε θέση: να αποκτούν και να χρησιμοποιούν χημικές πληροφορίες, να χρησιμοποιούν χημικές γνώσεις στην καθημερινή ζωή, να αποκωδικοποιούν τις επιστημονικές πληροφορίες, να χρησιμοποιούν κάποια από τα εργαλεία και τις μεθόδους της Χημείας και επιπλέον να έχουν ενδιαφέρον και εκτίμηση για τη Χημεία. Σε αυτή την εργασία μελετούμε την ικανότητα των μαθητών της Α’ τάξης του Λυκείου να αξιοποιούν χημικές πληροφορίες από επισημάνσεις καταναλωτικών προϊόντων, με βάση τις προϋπάρχουσες γνώσεις τους, αλλά και στη διάρκεια διδασκαλίας των αντίστοιχων ενοτήτων. Μετά από βιβλιογραφική ανασκόπηση, κατασκευάστηκαν εργαλεία και πραγματοποιήθηκε η έρευνα από τον Οκτώβριο του 2018 μέχρι το Μάιο του 2019, σε δείγμα 43 εκπαιδευτικών και 43 μαθητών της Α΄ τάξης Λυκείου, ακολουθώντας μεικτό σχεδιασμό που συνδύαζε τη συλλογή και ανάλυση ποσοτικών και ποιοτικών δεδομένων. Τα αποτελέσματα της μελέτης προέκυψαν από επεξεργασία των δεδομένων μας με τη βοήθεια του Στατιστικού Πακέτου για Κοινωνικές επιστήμες (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). Η αξιοπιστία της ερευνάς μας, που προέκυψε από το πρώτο ερωτηματολόγιο με τις 35 προτάσεις αναγνώρισης χημικής πληροφορίας στις επισημάνσεις, κρίνεται πολύ ικανοποιητική με συντελεστή αξιοπιστίας Cronbach α ίσο με 0,84 για το σύνολο του δείγματος. Οι χημικές πληροφορίες των επισημάνσεων καταναλωτικών προϊόντων χωρίστηκαν σε τρείς κατηγορίες: α) τις άμεσα αναγνωρίσιμες πληροφορίες που αναγνωρίστηκαν σε πολύ μεγάλα ποσοστά από τους μαθητές μας, β) πληροφορίες προϊόν γνωστικής επεξεργασίας με μικρά ποσοστά αξιοποίησης τους πριν τη διδασκαλία, και αρκετή βελτίωση μετά τη διδασκαλία, γ) τις πληροφορίες εικονογραφήματα που ερμηνεύονταν από τους μαθητές με μεγάλη επιτυχία. Συμπερασματικά διαπιστώθηκε ότι, ενώ οι μαθητές αντιμετώπιζαν αρχικά μια δυσκολία ως προς την ερμηνεία και την αξιοποίηση των επισημάνσεων μετά τη βιωματική προσέγγισή τους υπήρξε σημαντική βελτίωση.Chemistry education helps students to become chemically literate citizens who will be able to: acquire and use chemical information, use chemical knowledge in everyday life, decode scientific information, use some of the tools and the methods of Chemistry and in addition to have interest and appreciation for Chemistry. In this thesis we study the ability of high school students to use chemical information from consumer product labels, based on their pre-existing knowledge, but also during the teaching of the respective modules. After a literature review, tools were developed and the study was carried out from October 2018 to May 2019, in a sample of 43 teachers and 43 students of the 10th grade, following a mixed design that combined the collection and analysis of both quantitative and qualitative data. The results of the study emerged from the processing of our data with the help of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. The reliability of our research, which emerged from the first questionnaire with the 35 proposals for recognition of chemical information on labels, is considered very satisfactory with a Cronbach reliability factor of 0.84 for the whole sample. The chemical information on the consumer products labels was divided into three categories: a) the «immediately recognizable information» recognized in very large percentages by our students, b) «information product of cognitive processing» with small percentages of utilization before teaching, and considerable improvement after teaching , c) the «information illustrations» that were interpreted by the students with great success. In conclusion, it was found that while students initially had difficulty interpreting and using labels after their experiential approach, there was significant improvement