3,486 research outputs found

    "And the Lord Sought to Kill Him" (Exod 4:24): Yet Once Again

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    Inupiaq writing and international Inuit relations

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    Language shift in Alaska threatens to replace Inupiaq, and other indigenous languages, with English unless the conditions that create the shift are reversed. The vitality of West Greenlandic and Inuktitut in the Eastern Arctic can exert a positive influence on the west if Inuit groups share published materials and increase international communication in their own language. Congruent writing systems are crucial to the process of reading what other Inuit write. A comparison of the orthographies used for Alaskan Inupiaq and West Greenlandic shows how differing systems can complicate international written exchange.La dérive des langues en Alaska menace de remplacer l'inupiaq et d'autres langues autochtones par l'anglais à moins que les conditions l'ayant créée soient renversées. La vitalité du groenlandais de l'ouest et de l'inuktitut dans l'Arctique de l'Est pourrait avoir une influence positive dans l'ouest si les groupes d'Inuit partagent le matériel publié et accroissent la communication internationale dans leur propre langue. Des systèmes d'écriture uniformes sont cruciaux dans la lecture de ce que les Inuit s'écrivent. Une comparaison des orthographes utilisées en inupiaq de l'Alaska et en groenlandais de l'ouest montre comment différent systèmes peuvent compliquer des échanges écrits internationaux

    De Constitutionis Natura: After Seventy Years

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    Lawrence S. Kaplan is the former emeritus director of the Lyman L. Lemnitzer Center for NATO and European Studies at Kent State University and a former Professorial Lecturer in History at Georgetown University. He is the author or editor of more than two dozen books. Seventy years ago, while still a fellow in History at Yale University, Dr. Kaplan published an article in Pi Gamma Mu\u27s Social Science, which later became the International Social Science Review. This is a revised version of that paper, offering the wisdom of hindsight to the original work, which is still available at www.jstor.org/stable/i40088461

    Big Food and Soda Versus Public Health: Industry Litigation Against Local Government Regulations to Promote Healthy Diets

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    Diets high in fats, sugars, and sodium are contributing to alarming levels of obesity, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and certain cancers throughout the United States. Sugary drinks, which include beverages that contain added caloric sweeteners such as flavored milks, fruit drinks, sports drinks, and sodas, are the largest source of added sugar in the American diet and an important causative factor for obesity and other diet-related diseases. City and county governments have emerged as key innovators to promote healthier diets, adopting menu labeling laws to facilitate informed choices and soda taxes, warnings labels, and a soda portion cap to discourage consumption. These measures raise tension between the public health promotion and the food and beverage industry’s interests in maximizing profits. This article analyzes the food and beverage industry’s efforts to undermine local government nutrition promotion measures, including lobbying, funding scientific research, public messaging, and litigation. It examines four case studies (New York City’s soda portion cap, San Francisco’s soda warnings ordinance, and soda taxes in Philadelphia and Cook County), and distills steps that local governments can take to address industry opposition and help ensure the legal viability and political sustainability of key public health interventions

    Contact-induced lexical development in Yupik and Inuit languages

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    Lexical change in Yupik and Inuit languages was relatively slow until the period of widespread cultural change brought about by contact with Europeans over the past few centuries, probably because there had been little earlier contact with other language families. The colonial period brought various groups to the Arctic and different waves of language contact, primarily with Danish, French, English, and Russian. Lexical borrowing has been significant, and old borrowings, often the result of early trade, can be distinguished from later ones and often pertain to food, tobacco, tools, fabric and other areas where new goods were introduced. Later borrowings came about largely when European political structures were set up and may be less thoroughly integrated phonologically than older borrowings. Numbers of borrowings can be taken to reflect the extent of the foreign contact, as is clearly the case with Russian words in Alaskan languages, most numerous in Aleut, which had the most sustained Russian presence. New religious terms to describe Christianity came into the languages during the colonial period, sometimes as borrowings, but also as relexicalizations of old words pertaining to shamanism. A third means of lexical expansion is coinage, where new terms are invented based on native roots and suffixes. The languages and dialects may thus develop words for the same object or concept by borrowing from different European languages, by relexicalizing an old word, or by coining a new one, with a different result in each case. Different sources for new lexical items have resulted in an important level of differentiation among the languages, and this differentiation needs to be recognized.Le changement lexical des langues yupik et inuit a été relativement lent jusqu'à la période des vastes changements culturels engendrés par le contact avec les Européens au cours de ces derniers siècles, sans doute parce qu'il n'y avait eu, jusque là, que peu de contacts avec d'autres langues. La période coloniale a amené plusieurs groupes dans l'Arctique et différentes vagues de contacts de langues, principalement avec le danois, le français, l'anglais et le russe. L'emprunt lexical a été considérable et les premiers emprunts, souvent le résultat des tous premiers trocs, peuvent se distinguer des suivants et se rapportent souvent à la nourriture, au tabac, aux outils, aux tissus et aux autres domaines où de nouvelles denrées étaient introduites. Les emprunts plus tardifs sont apparus en grand nombre avec la mise en place des structures politiques européennes, et d'un point de vue phonologique, sont peut-être moins entièrement intégrés que les premiers. Nombre d'emprunts peuvent être présentés en tant que reflet de l'étendu du contact avec l'étranger comme c'est clairement le cas des langues d'Alaska qui contiennent des mots russes; les plus nombreux sont dans l'aléoute, langue parlée dans la région qui a connu une présence russe des plus importantes. De nouveaux termes religieux pour décrire le christianisme ont été introduits pendant la période coloniale, parfois comme emprunts mais aussi comme des relexicalisations de mots précédemment liés au chamanisme. Le néologisme est la troisième voie d'expansion lexicale où de nouveaux termes sont inventés, fondés sur les racines et les suffixes de la langue d'origine. Par conséquent, les langues et les dialectes peuvent développer des mots pour le même objet ou le même concept en empruntant aux langues européennes, en relexicalisant un mot ancien ou en créant un mot nouveau avec à chaque fois un résultat différent. Les différentes sources de ces nouveaux items lexicaux ont eu pour résultat un important niveau de différenciation parmi les langues et cette dernière se doit d'être identifiée

    New directions for JRST

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    No Abstract.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/64571/1/20360_ftp.pd

    An Empire Wilderness: Travels into America\u27s Future

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    The Need for Speed: Eye-Position Signal Dynamics in the Parietal Cortex

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    Accurate eye-position signals are critically important for localizing targets in space when the eyes move. In this issue of Neuron, Xu et al. (2012) provide evidence that eye-position gain fields in area LIP remain spatially inaccurate for some time after a saccade, indicating they are not updated rapidly enough to play a role in the computation of target locations for upcoming saccades

    Faculty Recital

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