22 research outputs found

    The role of the compliance officer – a comparison of US, UK and German law and practice.

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    The thesis introduces the role of the corporate compliance officer under US, UK and German law and practice. The aim of the thesis is to analyze the compliance function within private sector companies in the three selected jurisdictions in order to establish a model of the German compliance officer. My research is intended to bridge the gap in knowledge concerning the applicable legal standards required to ensure the effectiveness of this position. There is a lack of uniformity and standardization of the corporate compliance function, since there is no uniform definition of the compliance function outside the banking sector. Understanding the legal framework pertaining to the compliance function in the organizational context could yield findings that provide some much-needed clarity in regard to the compliance officer position. There is a need for a generally applicable definition and a modern understanding of the role of the German compliance officer. The thesis encompasses seven chapters, each dealing with different aspects of the legal comparison of the compliance officer’s function within the common law and civil law system such as the legal roots and the cultural background of the compliance function in the US, UK and Germany. Furthermore, the thesis analyzes the legal framework, case law and contractual terms available in the respective jurisdiction and explores the legal environment for the US, UK and German compliance officer under company, bribery, criminal and employment law. The examination also comprises an analysis of the American, English, and German duties, responsibilities and roles incumbent upon the compliance officer. Lastly, the legal comparison of the findings within the common law framework leads to the presentation of a modern and dynamic model of the German corporate compliance officer applicable to all sizes, business lines and legal forms of companies with a concise description and definition of this function. Chapter one outlines the academic interest behind and the background of the compliance function within private sector companies. Furthermore, this chapter introduces to the scientific objectives of the topic, which lead to the key research questions. Lastly, this chapter explains the methodical approach and presents the design of this study. The next chapter explores the legal comparison of the sources of law in the common law and civil law systems. First, this chapter provides an overview of the fundamental characteristics of the main sources, the general structure of the court systems, the differences and similarities, and a summary of developments of both the common law and civil law systems stated as between 2014 and April 2017. The second chapter goes on to outline a discussion of the relevant English and German literature relating to the issue upon which the thesis focuses. Relevant literature was derived from research in legal, business ethics, management, and governance databases. The findings were essential to the identification of a gap in knowledge and the development of the hypotheses of this thesis. Chapter three analyzes the terms ‘compliance’ and ‘compliance officer’ from a historical legal comparative perspective. This methodical approach of acquiring knowledge by analyzing the relevant literature, which is most applicable to the legal roots and the cultural background of compliance in the US, UK and Germany, leads to a general definition of the term ‘compliance’ and ‘compliance officer’ for the purposes of this thesis. Based on the results of this legal comparison, it establishes a comparative overview of the historical legal roots of the compliance officer. Chapters four to six provide the main subject of the thesis - the corporate compliance officer within the private sector under common law and civil law. These chapters first highlight the relevant primary law, followed by the secondary law relating to the problem. An analysis, examination and comparison of the legal framework of compliance in the areas of company, bribery, criminal law, and employment law follows, as well as landmark cases with respect to compliance and compliance officers, additional guidelines and principles to outline the role and position of the compliance officer under common and civil law. These chapters also discuss the meaning of relevant terms and how they relate to the research questions. In addition, online databases in the US, UK and Germany were searched in order to obtain case law and relevant information, materials and documents on the issues concerned. The findings of this legal comparison could be used to establish an American and English role model of the corporate compliance officer under common law in order, then, to outline a modern and dynamic role of the German compliance officer. Overall, the issues discussed in chapters four to six facilitate a clear understanding of the role and position of the corporate compliance officer. Based on the findings of chapters four to six, chapter seven compares and summarizes the key aspects of the compliance officer models in the US and the UK in terms of the research questions and hypotheses of this thesis. Finally, based on these key aspects of the US and UK models of the corporate compliance officer as a frame, a proposed example of the German compliance officer, to apply to all size of companies, is drawn up and presented. Finally, a definition of the German corporate compliance officer is provided. The results of this thesis – a definition of and model for the German compliance officer, ultimately aim to contribute to a better understanding of the status and role of this relatively new position within German companies. Considering the examination that has gone into this thesis and the knowledge gained from it, some recommendations for future research are offered. In addition, it would be important to examine how the legal framework for compliance and the compliance officers’ function will continue to develop in Germany. It would be necessary to ascertain whether the government regulation will proceed with strong regulation, compliance requirements for corporations, and will provide a legal definition of the compliance officer function. Ultimately, it would be essential to explore in greater detail the future development of the German corporate compliance officer position.Administración y Dirección de Empresa

    Psychophysiological Tracking of a Female Physique Competitor Through Competition Preparation

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    International Journal of Exercise Science 10(2): 301-311, 2017. Natural physique competitions are based on subjective judgments of how a competitor appears on show day. Prior to competition, there is a prolonged dieting phase referred to as contest preparation. The primary goal is to reduce body fat levels while maintaining skeletal muscle mass. The study tracked the physiological and psychological changes for a 24 year old female preparing for a physique competition. Purpose: The study was conducted to describe the physiological and psychological changes of a female physique competitor who engages in long-term contest preparation. Methods: Diet, body composition, blood work, energy expenditure, mood, and performance were evaluated through contest preparation. Results: The participant lost 10.1kg throughout contest preparation in a strong weekly linear pattern (R2=0.97). Body fat was reduced from 30.45% to 15.85% while fat free mass was maintained. Mood for the participant remained stable until month five, when an observed variation occurred, with performance maintaining. Conclusions: Contest preparation was successful in reducing the body fat in the participant while having a minimum effect on both performance and fat free mass. For athletes looking to lose large amounts of body fat with minimal performance decrements a prolonged diet period with moderate exercise and food restriction can be an effective solution

    The role of the compliance officer – a comparison of US, UK and German law and practice.

    No full text
    The thesis introduces the role of the corporate compliance officer under US, UK and German law and practice. The aim of the thesis is to analyze the compliance function within private sector companies in the three selected jurisdictions in order to establish a model of the German compliance officer. My research is intended to bridge the gap in knowledge concerning the applicable legal standards required to ensure the effectiveness of this position. There is a lack of uniformity and standardization of the corporate compliance function, since there is no uniform definition of the compliance function outside the banking sector. Understanding the legal framework pertaining to the compliance function in the organizational context could yield findings that provide some much-needed clarity in regard to the compliance officer position. There is a need for a generally applicable definition and a modern understanding of the role of the German compliance officer. The thesis encompasses seven chapters, each dealing with different aspects of the legal comparison of the compliance officer’s function within the common law and civil law system such as the legal roots and the cultural background of the compliance function in the US, UK and Germany. Furthermore, the thesis analyzes the legal framework, case law and contractual terms available in the respective jurisdiction and explores the legal environment for the US, UK and German compliance officer under company, bribery, criminal and employment law. The examination also comprises an analysis of the American, English, and German duties, responsibilities and roles incumbent upon the compliance officer. Lastly, the legal comparison of the findings within the common law framework leads to the presentation of a modern and dynamic model of the German corporate compliance officer applicable to all sizes, business lines and legal forms of companies with a concise description and definition of this function. Chapter one outlines the academic interest behind and the background of the compliance function within private sector companies. Furthermore, this chapter introduces to the scientific objectives of the topic, which lead to the key research questions. Lastly, this chapter explains the methodical approach and presents the design of this study. The next chapter explores the legal comparison of the sources of law in the common law and civil law systems. First, this chapter provides an overview of the fundamental characteristics of the main sources, the general structure of the court systems, the differences and similarities, and a summary of developments of both the common law and civil law systems stated as between 2014 and April 2017. The second chapter goes on to outline a discussion of the relevant English and German literature relating to the issue upon which the thesis focuses. Relevant literature was derived from research in legal, business ethics, management, and governance databases. The findings were essential to the identification of a gap in knowledge and the development of the hypotheses of this thesis. Chapter three analyzes the terms ‘compliance’ and ‘compliance officer’ from a historical legal comparative perspective. This methodical approach of acquiring knowledge by analyzing the relevant literature, which is most applicable to the legal roots and the cultural background of compliance in the US, UK and Germany, leads to a general definition of the term ‘compliance’ and ‘compliance officer’ for the purposes of this thesis. Based on the results of this legal comparison, it establishes a comparative overview of the historical legal roots of the compliance officer. Chapters four to six provide the main subject of the thesis - the corporate compliance officer within the private sector under common law and civil law. These chapters first highlight the relevant primary law, followed by the secondary law relating to the problem. An analysis, examination and comparison of the legal framework of compliance in the areas of company, bribery, criminal law, and employment law follows, as well as landmark cases with respect to compliance and compliance officers, additional guidelines and principles to outline the role and position of the compliance officer under common and civil law. These chapters also discuss the meaning of relevant terms and how they relate to the research questions. In addition, online databases in the US, UK and Germany were searched in order to obtain case law and relevant information, materials and documents on the issues concerned. The findings of this legal comparison could be used to establish an American and English role model of the corporate compliance officer under common law in order, then, to outline a modern and dynamic role of the German compliance officer. Overall, the issues discussed in chapters four to six facilitate a clear understanding of the role and position of the corporate compliance officer. Based on the findings of chapters four to six, chapter seven compares and summarizes the key aspects of the compliance officer models in the US and the UK in terms of the research questions and hypotheses of this thesis. Finally, based on these key aspects of the US and UK models of the corporate compliance officer as a frame, a proposed example of the German compliance officer, to apply to all size of companies, is drawn up and presented. Finally, a definition of the German corporate compliance officer is provided. The results of this thesis – a definition of and model for the German compliance officer, ultimately aim to contribute to a better understanding of the status and role of this relatively new position within German companies. Considering the examination that has gone into this thesis and the knowledge gained from it, some recommendations for future research are offered. In addition, it would be important to examine how the legal framework for compliance and the compliance officers’ function will continue to develop in Germany. It would be necessary to ascertain whether the government regulation will proceed with strong regulation, compliance requirements for corporations, and will provide a legal definition of the compliance officer function. Ultimately, it would be essential to explore in greater detail the future development of the German corporate compliance officer position.Administración y Dirección de Empresa

    Efficiency and profitability of metaphylaxis in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae-problem herds with Tulathromycin by single-dose-injection

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    Ziel dieser Feldstudie war es, die Wirksamkeit und Wirtschaftlichkeit einer i. m.-Einmalinjektion von Tulathromycin mit der bisher ĂŒblichen Futtermedikation von Amoxicillin bzw. Tetracyclin ĂŒber 7 Tage bei der Einstallung zu vergleichen. Die Untersuchungen wurden von Oktober 2007 bis Mai 2008 in einem Ferkelerzeugerbetrieb (zwei Absetzserien mit 686 Absetzferkeln) und in einem Mastbetrieb (eine Serie mit 603 Mastschweinen) durchgefĂŒhrt, in denen immer wieder periodisch akute Pleuropneumonien durch Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) auftraten. Bei der Einstallung wurde alternierend nach Buchten bzw. Stallreihen eine einmalige i. m. Injektion mit Tulathromycin oder eine Futtermedikation mit Amoxicillin (im Ferkelerzeugerbetrieb) bzw. mit Tetracyclin (im Mastbetrieb) gemĂ€ĂŸ vorliegenden Antibiogrammen ĂŒber 7 Tage durchgefĂŒhrt. Aus RĂŒcksichtnahme vor dem Tierhalter diente nur jedes 6. (Ferkelerzeuger) bzw. 10. (Mastbetrieb) Tier als unbehandelte Kontrolle (Verlustrisiko). Diese mussten aus platz- und fĂŒtterungstechnischen GrĂŒnden (Medikation ĂŒber das Futter) gemeinsam mit den Tulathromycin behandelten Tieren aufgestallt werden. ZielgrĂ¶ĂŸen waren die Art und HĂ€ufigkeit von Erkrankungen und TodesfĂ€llen, die Wachstumsleistung (Tageszunahme), die HĂ€ufigkeit von RĂŒckstellern bei der Ausstallung sowie die Kosten fĂŒr alle Medikationen wĂ€hrend der Aufzucht-/Mastperiode und fĂŒr die Folgen der Wachstumsverzögerung (RĂŒcksteller). Außerdem wurde bei einer Stichprobe von Aufzuchtferkeln (n=280) das C-reaktive Protein (CRP) im Blut an 4 Terminen (von der Einstallung bis kurz vor der Ausstallung) bestimmt, um Assoziationen zum Herdengesundheitsstatus bzw. zur Metaphylaxewirkung zu ĂŒberprĂŒfen. WĂ€hrend der Metaphylaxe traten keine Atemwegsinfektionen und TodesfĂ€lle auf. Nach Ablauf der Metaphylaxewirkung variierte die MorbiditĂ€t sporadisch erkrankter Tiere mit unterschiedlichen Symptomen ohne signifikante Gruppenunterschiede zwischen 0 % und 19 % im Verlauf beider Absetzserien und zwischen 1,5 % und 6 % im Verlauf der Mast. Die MortalitĂ€tsraten variierten in der Ferkelaufzucht zwischen 0 % und 5,1 % und in der Mast signifikant (p<0,05) zwischen 1,2 % bzw. 1,6 % (Metaphylaxegruppen) und 9,3 % (Kontrollgruppe). Gegen Ende der 1. Absetzserie, in der 7. Woche, kam es jedoch nur bei der Amoxicillingruppe zu einer akuten APP-Infektion bei 95,3 % der Tiere. Die CRP-Werte in dieser Absetzserie variierten extrem stark zwischen den Gruppen und den Terminen, v. a. der ersten Beprobung und den Folgebeprobungen. Es muss in weiterfĂŒhrenden Studien noch geklĂ€rt werden, ob, wie in dieser Studie beobachtet und im Widerspruch zu anderen Untersuchungen, hohe CRP-Werte mit einer guten Abwehrlage bzw. einer guten Metaphylaxewirkung (Tulathromycingruppe) assoziiert sind, und ob niedrige Werte den Inkubationszeitpunkt einer Infektionserkrankung (Amoxicillingruppe) ankĂŒndigen. Die tĂ€glichen Zunahmen in der 1. Absetzserie waren in der Tulathromycingruppe (0,433 kg) signifikant höher (p<0,05) als in der an APP erkrankten Amoxicillingruppe (0,388 kg). Zu der Kontrolltiergruppe bestand jedoch kein signifikanter Unterschied. Dementsprechend gab es in der Amoxicillin-Gruppe auch signifikant (p<0,001) mehr RĂŒcksteller (24,9 %) als in der Tulathromycingruppe (5,9 %) und der Kontrollgruppe (10,9 %). In der 2. Absetzserie und in der Mast, beide ohne APP-Infektion, waren die Zunahmen aller Gruppen vergleichbar. Die Kosten fĂŒr die Medikation (Metaphylaxe und alle anderen Behandlungen) und den damit verbundenen Arbeitsaufwand pro Schwein sowie die tĂ€glichen Zusatzkosten fĂŒr RĂŒcksteller waren fĂŒr die Tulathromycin-Gruppe und Kontrolltiergruppe in der 1.Absetzserie mit APPEinbruch niedriger als fĂŒr die Amoxicillin-Gruppe. In der 2. Absetzserie und in der Mast war die Amoxicillin- bzw. Tetracylinmetaphylaxe per Futtermedikation insgesamt kostengĂŒnstiger als die Tulathromycinmetaphylaxe per Einmalinjektion. Bei den Mastschweinen lag dies insbesondere an den grĂ¶ĂŸeren Injektionsvolumina und einem höherem Arbeitsaufwand fĂŒr die i.m.-Applikation. Ob sich diese Kosten bei einer starken APP-Exposition in der Mast relativieren oder wie in der Ferkelaufzucht möglicherweise auch umkehren, muss in weiteren Studien abgeklĂ€rt werden. Der gute Gesundheits- und Leistungszustand der Kontrolltiere, die mit den Tulathromycin - behandelten Tieren in einer gemeinsamen Bucht gehalten wurden, könnte auf die mit der Metaphylaxe einhergehenden Senkung des Infektionsdruckes und das damit verbundene niedrigere Ansteckungsrisiko zurĂŒckgehen. Unter Vorbehalt der spezifischen Bestandssituation in dieser Feldstudie ist schlussfolgernd bei stark APP-exponierten Absetzferkeln eine Einmalinjektion von Tulathromycin als Einstallungsmetaphylaxe wegen der sichereren Dosierung und der langanhaltenden Wirkung von bis zu 15 Tagen, sowie deren nachhaltigen Wirkung (HĂ€mophilus parasuis) effizienter und kostengĂŒnstiger als eine orale Medizinierung mit Amoxicillin ĂŒber 7 Tage.The aim of this field study was to compare in two APP-problem herds the efficiency and profitability of a single-dose -injection of Tulathromycin with the usual feed medication of Amoxicillin resp. Tetracycline for metaphylaxis after weaning resp. starting fattening. The clinical trial was conducted from October 2007 to May 2008 in a farrow to wean herd (two series of 686 weaned piglets) and in an independent fattening herd (one series of 603 pigs), both with the repeated occurrence of acute Pleuropneumonia by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP). After weaning resp. herd addition for fattening pigs were separated to different pens or stable rows for alternative metaphylaxis of Tulathromycin by a single i.m.-injection or of Amoxicillin-Trihydrat (weaned piglets) resp. of Tetracycline-HCL (fattening pigs) by oral feed medication of 7 days on the basis of preceding resistograms. With consideration for the farm owners only every 6th or 10th pig served as a non treated control (risk of losses). For space and feeding reasons (oral medications) these controls had to be housed in the same pens as the Tulathromycin medicated pigs. Objectives of this trial were kind and frequency of diseases and losses, growing performance (daily weight gain) and frequency of unsaleable pigs at delivery for fattening resp. slaughtering, as well as costs for drug treatments during the total growing period and for the growing delay. In addition, a sample of 280 weaned pigs was bleeded four times until delivery in order to control associations of C-Reactive-Proteine (CRP) and herd health resp. efficiency of metaphylaxis. Respiratory diseases and losses did not occur during their effective period. Afterwards the incidence of sporadically diseased pigs with different symptoms varied over time between 0% an 19 % in weaned pigs resp. 1.5 % and 6 % in fattening pigs without significant group differences. Losses in weaned pigs ranged from 0 to 5.1 % and in fattening pigs significantly (p<0.05) from 1.2 % resp. 1.6% (metaphylactic treatments) and 9.3 % (untreated controls). At the end of the first weaner series, in the 7th week, only the Amoxicillin-group was affected by an acute APP-infection with 93.5 % of diseased pigs. CRP-serum values of the first weaner series with an acute APP-outbreak differed extremely between groups and dates, particularly between first and follow up dates. Consecutive studies should clarify, if high values, as observed in our study and in contrast to others, are associated with a powerful immunity resp. with an efficient metaphylaxis (Tulathromycingroup), and if low values indicate the onset of the incubation of an infectious disease (Amoxicillin-group). In the first series of weaned pigs daily weight gains were significantly higher in the Tulathromycin-treated group (p<0,05) than in the APP-diseased Amoxicillin- group (0,433 kg vs. 0,388 kg) but not in the control group. In the second series of weaners and in fattening pigs groups did not differ in the growing performance. Due to the APP-infection in the first series of weaners, the rate of unsaleable pigs at delivery was significantly higher (p<0,001) in the Amoxicillin-group (24,9 %) as compared to the Tulathromycin-group (5,9 %) and the untreated controls (10,9 %). Costs for metaphylaxis and additional medications per pig over time (drugs and treatments by stockÂŽs person), and daily costs per unsaleable pigs after delivery were in case of the APP- infection much lower with Tulathromycin than with Amoxicillin as a metaphylaxis. In the second series of weaners and in fattenting pigs, each without APP-infection, oral Amoxicillinresp. Tetracycline-metaphylaxis was less expensive in total than the Tulathromycinmetaphylaxis by single dose injection. This is mainly due to higher drug volumes and working expenditure for the i. m. application. Further studies under field conditions should prove if total costs of Tulathromycin-metaphylaxis in case of extremely exposed APP- fattening herds may adjust or even reverse these costs. The good health and growing performance of non treated controls which were housed commonly with the Tulathromycin treated pigs might be the result of the antimicrobial caused decrease in germ pressure and its consecutive lower risk of infection. With reservation of the specific herd situations in this field study we conclude that in extremely APP-exposed weaned piglets the parenteral metaphylaxis of Tulathromycin with a single i.m. injection might be more efficient and less expensive during the growing period than oral medication of Amoxicillin over 7 days

    Experimentell-numerische Vorgehensweise zur Entwicklung von Probekörper-Setups fĂŒr die Charakterisierung technischer Elastomere

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    FĂŒr die Materialcharakterisierung und Parameteridentifikation von technischen Elastomeren werden homogene Probekörper benötigt. Eine besonders wichtige Beanspruchungsart ist dabei der einachsige Zug/Druck. FĂŒr Versuche dieser Art findet die Standard-Hantel Anwendung, die fĂŒr kombinierte Zug-/Druckversuche geeignet ist. Allerdings lĂ€sst sich hier schon bei geringen Druckbelastungen ein inhomogener Messbereich detektieren. Ein Ziel dieser Arbeit besteht in der Entwicklung eines neuen und verbesserten Probekörpers, der fĂŒr hochprĂ€zise Zug-/Druckversuche geeignet ist. Im Gegensatz zur Standard-Hantel wird der fĂŒr Messungen zugĂ€nglich gemachte homogene Messbereich deutlich verbessert. DarĂŒber hinaus soll der Bereich der maximal erreichbaren Stauchung signifikant erhöht werden. Der Probekörper selbst weist dabei eine verhĂ€ltnismĂ€ĂŸig einfache Hantelgeometrie mit verlĂ€ngertem Mittelteil auf. Durch ein spezielles Design der Halterungsgeometrie kann sowohl ein homogenes Verzerrungsfeld erreicht als auch eine hohe KnickstabilitĂ€t gewĂ€hrleistet werden. Die Grundidee besteht dabei darin, dass der Probekörper mit zunehmender Stauchung immer weiter mit der Halterungsgeometrie in Kontakt tritt und dadurch seine knickgefĂ€hrdete LĂ€nge reduziert wird. Mit Hilfe eines speziellen Halterungsalgorithmus kann eine neue, verbesserte Halterungsgeometrie berechnet werden. Mit dem entwickelten Probekörper-Setup (bestehend aus Hantel- und Halterungsgeometrie) lassen sich dann eine Vielzahl phĂ€nomenologischer Eigenschaften von technischen Elastomeren wie Payne- Effekt, Mullins-Effekt, Erholungs- und Relaxationsverhalten vorzugsweise bei extremen Stauchungen (bis zu 70 %) untersuchen. Ein weiteres Ziel dieser Arbeit besteht in der Entwicklung eines Scherprobekörpers zur Realisierung prĂ€ziser Schermessungen. Das Design soll dabei auf einem flĂ€chigen Probekörper (Elastomermatte) beruhen, um Alterungsuntersuchungen, Untersuchungen mit faserverstĂ€rkten Materialien und Versuche mit Vorreckungen realisieren zu können. Im Gegensatz zu herkömmlichen Scherprobekörpern soll dabei auf eine stoffschlĂŒssige Verbindung mittels Kleben oder Anvulkanisieren aufgrund von Materialirritationen oder Schrumpf verzichtet werden. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde diesbezĂŒglich ein spezielles Fixierdesign mit Stiften entwickelt, welches zur Ausbildung nahezu homogener Scherdeformationen fĂŒhrt. Damit lassen sich eine Vielzahl wichtiger Eigenschaften bei einer annĂ€hernd homogenen Scherdeformation untersuchen.Homogeneous test specimens are required for material characterization and model parameter identification. An important kind of loading is uniaxial tension/compression. For this, a standard dumbbell is available for combined tension-compression tests. But even for small compressive strains the standard dumbbell leads to an inhomogeneous stress state in the measuring zone. One aim of this work is the development of a new test specimen, which is suitable for high-precision tension/compression tests. In comparison to the standard dumbbell the homogeneity in the measuring zone is significantly improved. Furthermore, the range of maximal compression is increased substantially. The test specimen itself consists of a slender dumbbell structure. By a special design of the mounting geometry, homogeneous stress and strain fields as well as a high stability can be achieved. For an increasing compression, the test specimen comes into contact with the mounting geometry and the critical length is reduced. By means of dynamic analysis, the mounting geometry was calculated and optimized. This method is a powerful tool for developing new mounting geometries, by taking into account both the stability and the homogeneity characteristic. With the developed specimen-setup (consisting of dumbbell and mounting geometry), the phenomenological characteristics of rubber like Payne effect, Mullins effect, recovery and relaxation behavior can be investigated up to a compressive strain of 70 %. Another aim of this work is the development of a shear specimen, which enables precision shear measurements for large shear values. The design is based on a planar test specimen (rubber mat) in order to enable ageing tests, tests with fibre-reinforced materials and tests with pre-stretching. In contrast to other shear specimens, a material-locking connection by gluing or vulcanizing sould be avoided in consequence of material irritation or shrinkage. For this, a special fixing design was developed, which enables a uniform initiation of shear deformation for different rubber thicknesses. Finally, the new shear specimen enables the investigation of typical rubber properties

    Experimentell-numerische Vorgehensweise zur Entwicklung von Probekörper-Setups fĂŒr die Charakterisierung technischer Elastomere

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    FĂŒr die Materialcharakterisierung und Parameteridentifikation von technischen Elastomeren werden homogene Probekörper benötigt. Eine besonders wichtige Beanspruchungsart ist dabei der einachsige Zug/Druck. FĂŒr Versuche dieser Art findet die Standard-Hantel Anwendung, die fĂŒr kombinierte Zug-/Druckversuche geeignet ist. Allerdings lĂ€sst sich hier schon bei geringen Druckbelastungen ein inhomogener Messbereich detektieren. Ein Ziel dieser Arbeit besteht in der Entwicklung eines neuen und verbesserten Probekörpers, der fĂŒr hochprĂ€zise Zug-/Druckversuche geeignet ist. Im Gegensatz zur Standard-Hantel wird der fĂŒr Messungen zugĂ€nglich gemachte homogene Messbereich deutlich verbessert. DarĂŒber hinaus soll der Bereich der maximal erreichbaren Stauchung signifikant erhöht werden. Der Probekörper selbst weist dabei eine verhĂ€ltnismĂ€ĂŸig einfache Hantelgeometrie mit verlĂ€ngertem Mittelteil auf. Durch ein spezielles Design der Halterungsgeometrie kann sowohl ein homogenes Verzerrungsfeld erreicht als auch eine hohe KnickstabilitĂ€t gewĂ€hrleistet werden. Die Grundidee besteht dabei darin, dass der Probekörper mit zunehmender Stauchung immer weiter mit der Halterungsgeometrie in Kontakt tritt und dadurch seine knickgefĂ€hrdete LĂ€nge reduziert wird. Mit Hilfe eines speziellen Halterungsalgorithmus kann eine neue, verbesserte Halterungsgeometrie berechnet werden. Mit dem entwickelten Probekörper-Setup (bestehend aus Hantel- und Halterungsgeometrie) lassen sich dann eine Vielzahl phĂ€nomenologischer Eigenschaften von technischen Elastomeren wie Payne- Effekt, Mullins-Effekt, Erholungs- und Relaxationsverhalten vorzugsweise bei extremen Stauchungen (bis zu 70 %) untersuchen. Ein weiteres Ziel dieser Arbeit besteht in der Entwicklung eines Scherprobekörpers zur Realisierung prĂ€ziser Schermessungen. Das Design soll dabei auf einem flĂ€chigen Probekörper (Elastomermatte) beruhen, um Alterungsuntersuchungen, Untersuchungen mit faserverstĂ€rkten Materialien und Versuche mit Vorreckungen realisieren zu können. Im Gegensatz zu herkömmlichen Scherprobekörpern soll dabei auf eine stoffschlĂŒssige Verbindung mittels Kleben oder Anvulkanisieren aufgrund von Materialirritationen oder Schrumpf verzichtet werden. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde diesbezĂŒglich ein spezielles Fixierdesign mit Stiften entwickelt, welches zur Ausbildung nahezu homogener Scherdeformationen fĂŒhrt. Damit lassen sich eine Vielzahl wichtiger Eigenschaften bei einer annĂ€hernd homogenen Scherdeformation untersuchen.Homogeneous test specimens are required for material characterization and model parameter identification. An important kind of loading is uniaxial tension/compression. For this, a standard dumbbell is available for combined tension-compression tests. But even for small compressive strains the standard dumbbell leads to an inhomogeneous stress state in the measuring zone. One aim of this work is the development of a new test specimen, which is suitable for high-precision tension/compression tests. In comparison to the standard dumbbell the homogeneity in the measuring zone is significantly improved. Furthermore, the range of maximal compression is increased substantially. The test specimen itself consists of a slender dumbbell structure. By a special design of the mounting geometry, homogeneous stress and strain fields as well as a high stability can be achieved. For an increasing compression, the test specimen comes into contact with the mounting geometry and the critical length is reduced. By means of dynamic analysis, the mounting geometry was calculated and optimized. This method is a powerful tool for developing new mounting geometries, by taking into account both the stability and the homogeneity characteristic. With the developed specimen-setup (consisting of dumbbell and mounting geometry), the phenomenological characteristics of rubber like Payne effect, Mullins effect, recovery and relaxation behavior can be investigated up to a compressive strain of 70 %. Another aim of this work is the development of a shear specimen, which enables precision shear measurements for large shear values. The design is based on a planar test specimen (rubber mat) in order to enable ageing tests, tests with fibre-reinforced materials and tests with pre-stretching. In contrast to other shear specimens, a material-locking connection by gluing or vulcanizing sould be avoided in consequence of material irritation or shrinkage. For this, a special fixing design was developed, which enables a uniform initiation of shear deformation for different rubber thicknesses. Finally, the new shear specimen enables the investigation of typical rubber properties

    Bestimmung elastischer Ersatzkennwerte von spongiösem Knochen mit Hilfe der Finite-Elemente-Methode

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    The aim of this master’s thesis is to determine the effective material properties of cancellous bone. In the first part of this work, finite element models are used for numerical homogenization of trabecular structures. It is shown that the applied boundary conditions have a strong influence on the effective material properties. To this end, different boundary condition are opposed and discused. In the second part, the Levenberg-Marquardt method is used to identify the preferred direction. Furthermore, it is shown that cancellous bone can be modelled as a transverse isotropic material. Finally, the homogenized continua are compared with the microstructural models of cancellous bone.Ziel der Masterarbeit ist die Bestimmung der effektiven Materialparameter von spongiösem Knochen (lat. spongia „Schwamm“). Die numerische Homogenisierung von Trabekelstrukturen erfolgt mit Hilfe der Finite-Elemente-Methode. Es wird gezeigt, dass die verwendeten Randbedingungen einen starken Einfluss auf die effektiven Materialparameter ausĂŒben. Die verschiedenen Randbedingungen werden dazu gegenĂŒbergestellt und diskutiert. Im zweiten Teil erfolgt mit Hilfe des Levenberg-Marquardt-Verfahrens die Identifizierung von ausgezeichneten Richtungen.Weiterhin wird gezeigt, dass die Spongiosa nĂ€herungsweise als transversalisotropes Material modelliert werden kann. Am Ende erfolgt der Vergleich des homogenen Ersatzkontinuums mit dem Mikrostrukturmodell der Spongiosa

    SozialpÀdagogische Arbeit mit Kindern aus alkoholbelasteten Familien

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    Die vorliegende Bachelorarbeit handelt von der sozialpĂ€dagogische Arbeit mit Kindern (im Grundschulalter) aus alkoholbelasteten ElternhĂ€usern. Dazu wird am Anfang beschrieben, was Kinder fĂŒr eine „gute Entwicklung“ brauchen. Des Weiteren werden kurz die Begriffe Sucht und Alkohol geklĂ€rt. Im Hauptteil geht es um den familiĂ€ren Kontext von Kindern aus alkoholbelasteten Familien, in welchen Rollenmodellen sich diese Kinder hĂ€ufig wiederfinden und welche Auswirkungen der elterliche Konsum auf sie haben kann. Schließlich werden Handlungsschritte aufgezeigt, wie sozialpĂ€dagogische Arbeit mit Kindern aus alkoholbelasteten Familien konkret aussehen kann

    Resilienzförderung von Kindern im Rahmen pÀdagogischer Arbeit in der Kita

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    Die vorliegen Bachelorarbeit befasst sich mit der Resilienzförderung im Rahmen der sozialpĂ€dagogischen Arbeit mit Kindern zwischen 3 - 6 Jahren im Kindergarten. Zu Beginn dieser Literaturrecherche wird daher die Lebensphase Kindheit und deren alltĂ€glichen Entwicklungsaufgaben dargestellt und mögliche Belastungen genauer analysiert. Dabei wird darauf aufmerksam gemacht, was Kinder alles fĂŒr eine „gute Entwicklung“ brauchen und es wird auf die GrundbedĂŒrfnisse von Kindern hingewiesen. Der Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit liegt in der Resilienz und wie diese durch die pĂ€dagogischen FachkrĂ€fte in KindergĂ€rten gefördert und gestĂ€rkt werden kann. Hierzu wird die Institution Kindergarten und deren Beutung fĂŒr das Kind genauer betrachtet. Schließlich wird auf Handlungsmöglichkeiten fĂŒr die pĂ€dagogischen FachkrĂ€fte hingewiesen, sodass mit PrĂ€ventionsarbeit und gezielten Angeboten eine resilienzfördernde Entwicklung ermöglicht werden kann
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