21 research outputs found

    Production et utilisation du biochar pour l'amendement des sols rouges lessivés tropicaux

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    Depuis quelques annĂ©es, la curiositĂ© de la communautĂ© scientifique s’oriente de plus en plus vers la production et l’usage du biochar en agriculture comme amendement. En plus d’ĂȘtre un moyen efficace de valorisation des dĂ©chets agricoles et forestiers, il pourrait contribuer Ă  la restauration de la fertilitĂ© des oxisols tropicaux et donc au maintien de la productivitĂ© des Ă©cosystĂšmes agricoles tropicaux. En retour, cette restauration pourrait contribuer Ă  rĂ©duire la pression sur la forĂȘt tropicale, c’est-Ă -dire la dĂ©forestation pour la production agricole. La prĂ©sente Ă©tude a Ă©tĂ© conduite en plein champ dans la rĂ©gion de l’Ouest Cameroun en Afrique centrale. Elle avait pour objectif de produire, caractĂ©riser et tester l'effet de deux biochars, d'origine agricole et forestier, sur les propriĂ©tĂ©s physico-chimiques d’un oxisol et sur la production et l’équilibre nutritionnel du maĂŻs. Dans un premier temps, il a fallu construire localement un four pyrolytique amĂ©liorĂ© par rapport Ă  ce qui se fait actuellement, recyclant les gaz de combustion. Les deux biochars fabriquĂ©s Ă  base de rĂ©sidus locaux (Ă©corce d’eucalyptus et rafles de maĂŻs), avec ce nouveau pyrolyseur amĂ©liorĂ© de type « retort » Ă  300°C, ont Ă©tĂ© caractĂ©risĂ©s (mĂ©thodes ASTM, IBI, EBC) et respectaient les normes internationales de biochar. L’expĂ©rience au champ avec trois rĂ©pĂ©titions couvrait 30 parcelles irriguĂ©es de 4 m x 4 m chacune, disposĂ©es suivant un plan expĂ©rimental en split plot. Deux modes de travail du sol, le labour Ă  plat et les sillons-billons, en parcelle principale et en sous parcelle une combinaison alĂ©atoire des cinq traitements contenant l’un ou l’autre des biochars (T2-T3) ou sans biochar (T1), appliquĂ©s au dĂ©but de la premiĂšre campagne de production uniquement. Le traitement de base dans toutes les parcelles Ă©tait la dose d’engrais minĂ©ral recommandĂ©e pour la culture du maĂŻs dans la rĂ©gion Ă  savoir 200 kg NPK ha⁻Âč +100 kg N ha⁻Âč. Le biochar Ă©tait appliquĂ© Ă  la dose de 15 t ha⁻Âč. Les propriĂ©tĂ©s physico-chimiques du sol et des feuilles de maĂŻs ainsi que son rendement sous ces parcelles ont Ă©tĂ© mesurĂ©es, six et douze mois aprĂšs l’application du biochar. Les rĂ©sultats ont Ă©tĂ© analysĂ©s par la procĂ©dure GLIMIX de SAS suivis du test de comparaison multiple Tukey HSD lorsque nĂ©cessaire. Les rĂ©sultats suggĂšrent les conclusions suivantes : les biochars d’écorce d’eucalyptus et de rafles de maĂŻs remplissent bien l’essentiel des critĂšres de dĂ©finition proposĂ©s par le IBI et le EBC pour les biochars. Selon IBI, ce sont des biochars de classe 3 (10 ≀ Corg ≀ 30). Le nouveau pyrolyseur pourra servir Ă  produire un biochar de qualitĂ© Ă  partir des rĂ©sidus communs au Cameroun en rĂ©duisant les Ă©missions de gaz. L’application du biochar dans nos conditions a eu peu d’effets sur les propriĂ©tĂ©s physico-chimiques du sol ; cependant, l’augmentation significative du pH (0,3 et 0,5 unitĂ©s) et du carbone organique du sol (0,4 %) rendent cette technologie acceptable pour le programme global « 4 pour 1000 » initiĂ© par la France aprĂšs la Cop 21. L’analyse nutritionnelle foliaire a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© une augmentation significative de la teneur en Mg et Ca des plants de maĂŻs dans les parcelles amendĂ©es au biochar que non ; le rendement Ă  l’ha du maĂŻs a augmentĂ© de 54 % durant la premiĂšre pĂ©riode de production et de 51 % durant la seconde dans les parcelles ammendĂ©es au biochar par rapport Ă  celles non amendĂ©es. Cette augmentation de rendement se traduit autrement en une dĂ©forestation due Ă  l’agriculture Ă©vitĂ©e de 25 %. Tous ces rĂ©sultats indiquent que le biochar pourrait ĂȘtre un outil prĂ©cieux pour faire face aux enjeux liĂ©s Ă  la dĂ©forestation et aux changements climatiques dans les rĂ©gions tropicales humides, ce par une production agricole durable.In recent years, the interest of the scientific community has shifted increasingly towards the production and use of biochar in agriculture as an amendment. In addition to being an efficient means of recovering agricultural and forestry waste, it could contribute to restoring the fertility of tropical oxisols and thus maintaining the productivity of tropical agricultural ecosystems. As a result, this restoration could help in decreasing the pressure on rainforests, that is, deforestation for agricultural production. This field study was carried out in the West region of Cameroon in Central Africa. Its aim was to produce, characterize and test the effect of two biochars from agricultural and forestry origin on the physico-chemical properties of an oxisol and on maize production and maize nutritional equilibrium. Firstly, we constructed locally a retort kiln that improves on the currently-used technology (gas recycling, smoke and pollution reduction, higher biochar yield). The two biochars made from local residues (eucalyptus bark and corn cobs) using this improved kiln at 300 ° C, were characterized using ASTM, IBI and EBC methods. The field experiment included 30 irrigated plots of 4 m × 4 m each, in a split plot design. Two soil tillage modes: flat plowing and furrow-ridges, with three replicates were compared with four biochar treatments, incorporated to soil at the beginning of the first production period. The basic treatment in all plots was the recommended mineral fertilizer rate for maize production in the area: 200 kg NPK +100 kg N. Biochar was applied at 15 t ha⁻Âč. Maize yield, soil physico-chemical properties and leaf nutritional equilibrium were assessed, six and twelve months after application of the biochar. The results were analyzed using SAS GLIMIX procedure followed by the Tukey HSD multiple comparison test when necessary. Results suggest the following conclusions: Eucalyptus bark and corncob biochars fulfill most of the criteria definition proposed by IBI and EBC for biochars. According to IBI, these are class 3 biochars (10 ≀ Corg ≀ 30). The new pyrolyser can thus be used to produce good quality biochar from common residues in Cameroon with reduced gas emissions. The application of biochar under our conditions has had little effect on the physicochemical properties of the soil; however, the significant increase in pH (0.3 and 0.5 units) and soil organic carbon (0.4 %) makes this technology acceptable for the global program "4 per 1000" initiated by France after Cop 21. Foliar nutritional analysis revealed a significant increase in the Mg and Ca content of maize plants in biochar amended plots; the yield per hectare of maize increased by 54 % during the first production period and by 51 % during the second in the biochar amended plots compared to the control. This increase in yield is otherwise translated into 25 % avoided deforestation due to agriculture. All these results indicate that biochar could be a valuable tool to face the challenges of deforestation and climate change in the humid tropical zones, through sustainable agricultural production

    Utilisation des donnĂ©es gĂ©ologiques et gestion des informations multi-sources pour l’analyse de l’alĂ©a glissement de terrain/Ă©boulement dans le secteur Nord-Ouest de la rĂ©gion de YaoundĂ©

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    Le secteur Nord-Ouest de la rĂ©gion de YaoundĂ© au relief accidentĂ© est sensible aux glissements de terrain et aux Ă©boulements. Les tĂ©moins de manifestations anciennes outrepassent les dĂ©limitations connues des zones Ă  risque ; d’oĂč la complexitĂ© de la configuration de l’alĂ©a. En synchronisant les donnĂ©es gĂ©omorphologiques et gĂ©ologiques telles que la topographie, la morphologie des versants, les Ă©lĂ©ments structuraux de la tectonique cassante, les variĂ©tĂ©s de sols et de la roche mĂšre, il a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tabli une carte thĂ©matique plus Ă©laborĂ©e et plus rapprochĂ©e de la rĂ©alitĂ© du terrain. Elle rĂ©vĂšle au-dessus de 800 m, des zones Ă  « alĂ©a fort » et Ă  « alĂ©a trĂšs fort », suite Ă  l’existence de falaises, de pentes abrupts et de matĂ©riaux fragilisĂ©s. En-dessous de 800 m elle rĂ©vĂšle des zones Ă  « alĂ©a assez fort » suite Ă  l’existence de couronnes discontinues d’édifices prĂ©sentant des ruptures de pente et des matĂ©riaux fragilisĂ©s.Mots-clĂ©s : glissement de terrain, Ă©boulement, topographie, donnĂ©es gĂ©ologiques, morphologie des versants, roche mĂšre, rĂ©gion de YaoundĂ©

    Diagnostic en vue de l’élaboration d’une stratĂ©gie municipale concertĂ©e pour l’accĂšs Ă  l’eau potable et l’assainissement : Cas de la commune de Kye-Ossi au Sud-Cameroun

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    L’approvisionnement en eau potable dans de nombreuses communes Camerounaises reste un dĂ©fi permanent Ă  relever ; c’est le cas pour la commune de Kye-Ossi qui ne possĂšde pas de rĂ©seau publique de distribution d’eau, ni un service d’assainissement. La prĂ©sente Ă©tude menĂ©e dans cette ville visait Ă  y rĂ©aliser un diagnostic de l’alimentation en eau potable et de l’assainissement de base. Pour se faire, nous avons rĂ©alisĂ© une analyse documentaire du cadre institutionnel, des interviews semi structurĂ©s, les « focus group » et des enquĂȘtes mĂ©nages. Il ressort de ce travail que l’insuffisance des fonds et l’absence de l’énergie Ă©lectrique sont les principaux problĂšmes des acteurs de l’offre et la demande. 71% des populations consomment sans traiter l’eau des forages, 47% des mĂ©nages utilisent les latrines Ă  fond perdu amĂ©nagĂ©es. Bien que 69% des mĂ©nages soient satisfaits de l’assainissement de base, 74% ne sont pas satisfaits de l’approvisionnement en eau potable. 36% des forages Ă©quipĂ©s de pompes Ă  motricitĂ© humaine sont non fonctionnels. Tous les puits modernes sont fonctionnels. Des sept latrines publiques recensĂ©es, quatre sont privĂ©es et trois appartiennent Ă  la commune. La mauvaise gestion et la mauvaise qualitĂ© des Ă©quipements sont les principales causes des pannes sur les ouvrages

    Minéralogie, pétrographie et géochimie de la syénite d'Ina (Linté, centre du Cameroun) comme source de feldspaths industriels.

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    peer reviewedThe syenite from Ina (Central region of Cameroon) constitutes a 1000 kmÂČ syntectonic batholith intruded in the Paleoproterozoic granitic basement. The aim of this work is to assess the potential of the Ina batholith syenite as a feldspar minerals resource for industrial use through petrographic and geochemical characterization. Most of the rocks are grey coloured and consist of shimmering feldspar phenocrysts in a fine-grained ferromagnesian matrix. Petrography reveals the presence of two major syenite facies: a widely distributed porphyritic syenite and a less-abundant massive syenite. These facies are dominated by phenocrysts of sub-automorphic perthitic orthoclase. Its malgachite face is due to the presence of numerous inclusions of opaque minerals observed by scanning electron microscopy (ESEM-EDX). Plagioclase phenocrysts have a zonal texture characterised microscopically by an oscillatory compositional zonation. Biotite, hornblende and augite, identified by X-ray powder diffraction, are finely disseminated in the feldspar matrix. Quartz appears as small automorphic crystals with maximum abundance of about 4 wt%. The XRF chemical composition reveals, alongside silica (59.29 wt% to 63.27 wt%), significant proportion of alumina (15.82 wt% to 19.80 wt%), potassium and sodium oxides considered as fluxing elements (K 2 O + Na 2 O ≄ 10 wt%). The K 2 O/Na 2 O ratio varies between 1.65 and 5.51 (average 2.58). Iron and titanium oxides (1 ≄ wt% Fe 2 O 3 + TiO 2 ≄ 5), harmful in ceramic industry, are high as in most other feldspathic sources. The characteristics of the Ina syenite are close to most of the syenite ores used worldwide for How to cite this paper:LES SYÉNITES DE LINTÉ (CENTRE-CAMEROUN), CARTOGRAPHIE, PÉTROGRAPHIE ET POTENTIALITÉS EN MINÉRAUX INDUSTRIELS15. Life on lan

    Geological Controls on High-Grade Iron Ores from Kiriburu-Meghahatuburu Iron Ore Deposit, Singhbhum-Orissa Craton, Eastern India

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    Numerous iron ore deposits are hosted within the Meso to Neo-Archean banded iron formations (BIFs) extending across the Singhbhum-Orissa Craton, eastern India. Despite the widespread distribution of BIFs, which forms part of the iron ore group (IOG), heterogeneity in their grade and mineral composition is occasionally observed even within a single ore deposit. Kiriburu-Meghahatuburu iron ore deposit (KMIOD), west Singhbhum district, Jharkhand, eastern India is characterized by a dominant hematite (often martitized) occurrence with a total resource of >150 million tonnes (MT) at 62.85 wt % Fe. Very high-grade blue dust ore (friable and powdery hematitewith~67% Fe), high-grade massive, hard laminated hematitic ores (~66% Fe) and medium to low grade goethitic/lateritic ores (50%–60% Fe) are the common iron-ore lithologies in KMIOD. These ores can be distinguished in the field from their physical appearance, meso-scale texture and spatial occurrences with the host rocks along with the variation in chemical composition. The high-grade ores are characterized by high Fe (>62 wt %), low Al2O3 (1.5–2.5 wt %), low SiO2 (2.0–4.5 wt %) and low P (<0.06 wt %). Detailed field studies and laboratory investigations on the ore mineral assemblages suggest that the mineralization of high-grade iron ores at KMIOD is controlled by three major parameters, i.e., lithological, paleoclimatic and structural controls. High-grade iron ores such as blue dust seem to be formed during leaching processes through inter-bedded ferruginous shale and banded hematite jasper (BHJ) occurring within BIFs. Structural elements such as folds, joint network, fracture arrays, local faults and steeply dipping bedding planes are surmised as strong controls for the evolution of different iron ore types from the BHJ. Most of the high-grade ores are concentrated at the hinge portions of second generation folds (F2) owing to the easy access for circulation of meteoric solution along the fractures developed due to release of stresses at the hinge portions aided by supergene ore enrichment processes. The BHJ and interbedded ferruginous shale seem to have been given a significant contribution for the formation of different grades of iron ores over the area. Lithologically, the BIFs are governed by rheological features providing channel ways in the ore enrichment process. The variation in the iron ore mineralogy is caused by the variation in depositional and paleoclimatic environment, structural setting and lithological attributes. Hence, these parameters could be used for future exploration and grade recovery of iron ore resources in the region and in the adjoining areas

    Trace Element and U–Pb Core Age for Zircons from Western Meiganga Gold Placer, Cameroon: Their Genesis and Archean-Proterozoic Sources

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    Trace element concentrations and U–Pb ages were obtained using Laser Ablation Split Stream Method from the core of 115 zircon grains from the western Meiganga gold placer deposit. The data was used to characterize zircon, to understand the history of crystallization and to locate source rocks within the local and regional geological settings. Zircon trace element geochemistry was used to distinguish between magmatic and metamorphic affinity. The magmatic zircons have characteristics compatible with their probable origin from granitoid, syenite, tonalite, charnockite and mafic to ultramafic rocks. The metamorphic zircons composition is compatible with growth from anatectic melts and by sub-solidus crystallization in equilibrium with garnet. The zircon ages reveal Archean, Paleoproterozoic, Mesoproterozic, and Neoproterozoic events with the principal source could mainly belong to Paleoproterozoic magmatic lineage. Some of the Paleoproterozoic magmatic zircons were probably sourced from two mica granite found within the local geology, whereas the remaining zircons have features indicating source rocks within the Congo Craton. We suggest that the geologic history of these zircons is related to crustal-scale magmatic and/or tectono-metamorphic events, possibly linked to Eburnean and Pan-African orogeny

    The Impact of the application of biochar previously used in domestic wastewater treatment on the growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa)

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    Biochar has gained attention in agricultural studies due to its ability to ameliorate soil conditions. However, due to its low nutrient content, positive effects on plant growth are generally only observed if combined with mineral fertilizers or manures. The study aimed to test the hypothesis that biochar used to treat domestic wastewater can become enriched with nutrients and subsequently serve as a better soil amendment. The impact of the application of biochar used as substrate in a filter for domestic wastewater treatment (TB) on the growth of  lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. crispa)  plant was evaluated. Its effect on plant growth was compared to pure biochar (BC) using bare soil as a control. The biochars were applied with and without fertilizer using 3 biochar application rates (10, 20 and 30 t/ha). Results showed that biochar does not become enriched after wastewater purification in the short run. Instead, there was a reduction in the mineral composition, available phosphorus and pH in TB compared to BC. Only the BC treatments were significantly different (p=0.001) from the control. However, higher biomass production at 30 t/ha was observed in BC (+322%) and TB (+142%), compared with the unfertilized control. There were no significant differences in biomass production between the biochar and control treatments for application rates below 30 t/ha. Fertilization significantly (p=0.024) improved biomass production with the BC30+F treatments demonstrating the highest performance (+315%) compared to the fertilized control
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