Development of a framework for automated systematic testing of safety-critical embedded systems

“This material is presented to ensure timely dissemination of scholarly and technical work. Copyright and all rights therein are retained by authors or by other copyright holders. All persons copying this information are expected to adhere to the terms and constraints invoked by each author's copyright. In most cases, these works may not be reposted without the explicit permission of the copyright holder." “Copyright IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or to reuse any copyrighted component of this work in other works must be obtained from the IEEE.”In this paper we introduce the development of a framework for testing safety-critical embedded systems based on the concepts of model-based testing. In model-based testing the test cases are derived from a model of the system under test. In our approach the model is an automaton model that is automatically extracted from the C-source code of the system under test. Beside random test data generation the test case generation uses formal methods, in detail model checking techniques. To find appropriate test cases we use the requirements defined in the system specification. To cover further execution paths we developed an additional, to our best knowledge, novel method based on special structural coverage criteria. We present preliminary results on the model extraction using a concrete industrial case study from the automotive domain

Assisted coverage closure

Malfunction of safety-critical systems may cause damage to people and the environment. Software within those systems is rigorously designed and verified according to domain specific guidance, such as ISO26262 for automotive safety. This paper describes academic and industrial co-operation in tool development to support one of the most stringent of the requirements --- achieving full code coverage in requirements-driven testing. We present a verification workflow supported by a tool that integrates the coverage measurement tool RapiCover with the test-vector generator FShell. The tool assists closing the coverage gap by providing the engineer with test vectors that help in debugging coverage-related code quality issues and creating new test cases, as well as justifying the presence of unreachable parts of the code in order to finally achieve full effective coverage according to the required criteria. We illustrate the tool's practical utility on automotive industry benchmarks. It generates 8 times more MC/DC coverage than random search

A software based solution to facilitate end to end information supply chain visibility

Even though the benefits of supply chain visibility and the consequences of the lack of it have been thoroughly evaluated, the path towards achieving it appears to be murky due to the factors such as unsupportive IT infrastructure, lack of integration mechanisms and the lack of information sharing strategies. This paper introduces a software solution which is developed to overcome this challenge. It promotes process based internal and external integration and produces graphical visualization of the seamless information flow among the processes which enables real time performance monitoring and measurement. The paper takes a two dimensional approach, by means of a critical review of the relevant literature and a case study, to justify the relevance and importance of addressing the challenge of visibility and subsequently to evaluate the success of the solution

Chest symptoms following coronary stenting in the first 10 weeks of recovery

Background: Most patients experience the benefits of PTCA and stent quickly, with reduction in symptoms and improvement in functional status, however many patients experience chest symptoms post-procedure. Objective: To describe the pattern and characteristics of post-stent chest symptoms in cardiac rehabilitation participants. Methods: A prospective descriptive study assessing the pattern and presence of chest symptoms in coronary artery stent recipients (N = 129) four and ten weeks post-procedure. Patients were interviewed at cardiac rehabilitation or by the phone using a specifically developed questionnaire which incorporated the McGill Pain Questionnaire. Results: Most participants were male, aged on average 60.5 years and received two stents, most often drug eluting. Post-stent chest symptoms were common, experienced by two thirds of patients (68%) at some time during the 10 weeks post-discharge. Chest symptoms were recurrent, with 33% having symptoms on both occasions and occurred more often in younger patients (p < .00). Patients described their symptoms as discomforting and used the descriptors dull, tight, sharp, pressing and flickering. Chest symptoms tended to be brief and/or intermittent (65%) lasting from a few seconds to a few minutes (63%). Most patients felt their symptoms were related to their stent (75%) and were unsure what to do. A small number (5%) interpreted their symptoms as ischaemic and presented to the hospital (4%). Conclusions: Post-stent chest symptoms are frequent and recurrent out to 10 weeks post-discharge. Although symptoms tended to be brief and intermittent, the location and quality of these symptoms may overlap with existing chest pain guidelines, making it difficult for patients to interpret. Cardiac rehabilitation staff are in an ideal position to support and inform stent recipients about appropriate responses to these symptoms. © 2007 European Society of Cardiology

Gcn1 and Actin Binding to Yih1: IMPLICATIONS FOR ACTIVATION OF THE eIF2 KINASE GCN2*

Yeast Yih1 protein and its mammalian ortholog IMPACT, abundant in neurons, are inhibitors of Gcn2, a kinase involved in amino acid homeostasis, stress response, and memory formation. Like Gcn2, Yih1/IMPACT harbors an N-terminal RWD domain that mediates binding to the Gcn2 activator Gcn1. Yih1 competes with Gcn2 for Gcn1 binding, thus inhibiting Gcn2. Yih1 also binds G-actin. Here, we show that Yih1-actin interaction is independent of Gcn1 and that Yih1-Gcn1 binding does not require actin. The Yih1 RWD (residues 1–132) was sufficient for Gcn2 inhibition and Gcn1 binding, but not for actin binding, showing that actin binding is dispensable for inhibiting Gcn2. Actin binding required Yih1 residues 68–258, encompassing part of the RWD and the C-terminal “ancient domain”; however, residues Asp-102 and Glu-106 in helix3 of the RWD were essential for Gcn1 binding and Gcn2 inhibition but dispensable for actin binding. Thus, the Gcn1- and actin-binding sites overlap in the RWD but have distinct binding determinants. Unexpectedly, Yih1 segment 68–258 was defective for inhibiting Gcn2 even though it binds Gcn1 at higher levels than does full-length Yih1. This and other results suggest that Yih1 binds with different requirements to distinct populations of Gcn1 molecules, and its ability to disrupt Gcn1-Gcn2 complexes is dependent on a complete RWD and hindered by actin binding. Modeling of the ancient domain on the bacterial protein YigZ showed peculiarities to the eukaryotic and prokaryotic lineages, suggesting binding sites for conserved cellular components. Our results support a role for Yih1 in a cross-talk between the cytoskeleton and translation

The Genera of Pleurobemini (Bivalvia: Unionidae: Ambleminae)

The unionid tribe Pleurobemini is diverse but poorly-understood phylogenetically. Current classification recognizes two highly diverse genera, Elliptio Rafinesque, 1819 and Pleurobema Rafinesque, 1820, besides the moderately diverse Fusconaia Simpson, 1900, and several genera with one to three species. However, classification at the species and genus level has been problematic. Molecular data and re-examination of shell morphology and anatomy indicate new groupings of these taxa. Several genera proposed by early workers such as Rafinesque and Swainson are available, but are poorly-characterized and are often overlooked. We analyzed two mitochondrial genes, cox1 and nad1, for 50 species assigned to Pleurobemini, including the type species of each genus and as many other species as possible. Although the majority of studied species in Elliptio, Pleurobema, and Fusconaia show close affinities to the respective type species, the affinities of others are problematic. Genera or subgenera such as Eurynia Rafinesque, 1819, SintoxiaRafinesque, 1820, and Pleuronaia Frierson, 1927, generally regarded as subjective synonyms, apply to some clades. Other clades or unaffiliated species have no available name. Quincuncina burkei (Walker, 1922), the type of the genus Quincuncina Ortmann, 1922, is assigned to Fusconaia Simpson, 1900. Fusconaia apalachicola (Williams and Fradkin, 1999), F. ebenus (Lea, 1831), F. rotulata (Wright, 1899) (also listed as Obovaria rotulata), F. succissa (Lea, 1852), Cyclonaias tuberculatus (Rafinesque, 1820), Uniomerus Conrad, 1853, and the Quincuncina infucata (Conrad, 1834) complex are all excluded from Pleurobemini. The first three are placed in the new genus Reginaia Campbell and Lydeard; Uniomerus Conrad, 1853 is assigned to Quadrulini; and the remainder belong in the pustulosa Lea, 1831 group of Quadrulini (genus RotundariaRafinesque, 1820)