Polymethacrylates.Material Selection For Medical Applications:Requirements For Several Kinds of Medical Applications

This chapter reviews several cases of methacrylate-based polymers used for medical applications. The main chemicals and fillers used for elaborating biomaterials are presented, together with the main synthesis reactions. Their properties are recalled and discussed using the well-established structure-properties relationships of polymer physicochemistry. Last, the main degradation mechanisms are recalled, together with their consequences on the engineering properties of polymethacrylates, in order to predict the long-term in vivo behavior of such complex materials

Biomaterials: an overview

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Radiation grafting of hydrophilic monomers on to plasticized poly (vinyl chloride) sheets: II. migration behaviour of the plasticizer from N-vinyl pyrrolidone grafted sheets

The grafting of N-vinyl pyrrolidone, a hydrophilic monomer, on to flexible poly(vinyl chloride) sheets used in medical applications using ionizing radiation from a Co source was studied. The graft yield was found to increase linearly with monomer concentration and also with increasing radiation doses. The migration of the plasticizer di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate into a strong organic extractant such as n-hexane was studied at different time intervals for different grafted systems of poly(viny) chloride) at 30°C. The results indicated a drastic reduction in the leaching of the plasticizer from grafted systems versus ungrafted controls. Incorporation of ethylene dimethacrylate cross-linker during grafting did not seem to affect the graft yield considerably but appeared to further reduce the plasticizer migration. Surface energy calculations of the grafted samples indicate that the surfaces are highly hydrophilic compared to ungrafted poly(viny) chloride) and the polar and dispersion components tend to vary with increasing cross-linker concentration

Radiation grafting of hydrophilic monomers on to plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) sheets

Medical-grade plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) sheets were surface modified using gamma-radiation grafting of a combination of hydrophilic monomers based on 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and N-vinyl pyrrolidone (NVP). The modified surfaces were evaluated for their surface properties using contact angle measurements, phase-contrast photomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Surface energy calculations of the modified surfaces indicated that the surfaces became highly hydrophilic when grafted with even a 1% (v/v) solution of HEMA-NVP combination in the presence of 0.005m CuSO4. Migration of the plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl phthalate) (DEHP) from the grafted sheets was examined in hydrocarbon solvents such as n-hexane, n-heptane and n-octane and in extractant media such as cotton seed oil and polyethylene glycol-400 (PEG-400). The migration from modified sheets was found to be <4% of the migration from unmodified control sheets in hydrocarbon solvents at 30° c over a period of 5 h. Accelerated leaching studies in cotton seed oil and peg-400 demonstrated that virtually no plasticizer migrated out in the former over a period of 96 h whereas the rate of migration in the latter medium showed only a mild reduction. The migration behaviour was fickian in nature for grafted sheets. The method described may be useful as a simple, versatile technique for preventing plasticizer migration from plasticized pvc for medical applications

Radiation grafting of hydrophilic monomers onto plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) sheets

Medical grade poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) sheets were surface modified by grafting a combination of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and N-vinyl pyrrolidone (NVP) or NVP alone using gamma radiation in an effort to retard the migration of the plasticizer from the PVC matrix. Presence of cupric ions at a concentration of 0.005m was found to be optimal in not only preventing the homopolymerization of the monomers but also producing the highest graft yield at all monomer concentrations used for grafting. The grafted PVC was characterized for its water absorption properties. Surface morphology of the grafted surface was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). PVC sheets grafted on both sides as well as on one side were characterized for their physical and mechanical properties in order to assess their suitability in biomedical applications. While the tensile strength and percentage elongation values of PVC sheets grafted on both sides showed a downward trend with increasing graft yield, these properties were not drastically affected by surface modification on one side only at graft yields pertinent to prevent the migration of the plasticizer. Measurement of Shore A hardness and optical transparency of the migration resistant sheetings showed that such properties were not seriously affected by surface modification thus rendering them suitable for their intended applications

Effect of silanation of filler particles on the physical properties of a dental composite

28-32<span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:" calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:="" "times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:="" minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"times="" roman";mso-ansi-language:en-us;="" mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="">Use of silane treated fillers in chemical curing Bisphenol A-Glycidyl methacrylate (Bis-GMA) based dental composites has been found to improve the properties appreciably. The nature and concentration of the silane used is found to be critical in deciding the final properties. However, water sorption does not seem to be, considerably affected by varying silane concentration. Morphology of the fractured surface indicates that composites containing 3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate (TSPM) treated fillers provide, better filler-matrix compatibility resulting in better strength characteristics.</span

Utilization of Poly(vinylchloride) and Poly(vinylidenefluoride) as Macroinitiators for ATRP Polymerization of Hydroxyethylmethacrylate. Electroanalytical and Graft-Copolymerization Studies

The utilization of poly(vinylchloride) (PVC) and poly(vinylidenefluoride) (PVDF) as macroinitiators for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) was studied performing electroanalytical investigations and “grafting from” experiments in order to achieve information on the possibility of modifying such commercial polymers by this controlled free radical polymerization technique. This study was performed changing various operating parameters such as the nature of the copper salt, the ligand, the solvent, the temperature and the reaction time. Electroanalytical data suggest that PVC can be easily activated by both CuCl/ Tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (TPMA) and CuCl/ Tris[2- (dimethylamino)ethyl]amine (Me6TREN), two catalytic systems widely adopted for ATRP reactions, in a wide range of operating conditions. PVDF is more difficult to be activated, due to the higher strength of the C-F bond. In particular, the utilization of high temperature and of a more reductant redox couple such as Cu(I)Me6TREN/Cu(II)Me6TREN was needed to achieve a significant degree of graftin