On the etymology of the Estonian place names Kirna and Kernu

This article will give a review of the disquisitions so far published on the place names Kirna and Kernu and will propose a new etymology for the

Üks laenuline perekonnanime tüüp: nimed lõpuga -mees

Kirjutises esitletakse Eesti perekonnanimede tüüpi, kus nime lõpuosiseks on -mees. Perekonnanimede panekul 1822–1835 on nimesid lõpuga -mees (-mes) pandud rohkem kui 140 mõisas. Paljud neist on hääbunud, samas on seda tüüpi perekonnanimesid pandud/võetud ka XX sajandil: 1921–1922 Petserimaal ja Narvatagusel ning 1935–1940 nimede eestistamisel. Kirjutises on ära toodud kõik 63 mees-lõpulist perekonnanime, mis esinesid rahvastikuregistris aastal 2017, nimekandjate hulk sel aastal, nimede päritolu ja tekkekoht, enamasti mõisa täpsusega. Nenditakse, et nimetüüp lõpuga -mees on laen saksa keelest (tõlgitud on saksa perekonnanimede formant -mann ’mees, inimene’), ehkki vastavaid eeskujuks olevaid liitsõnu esineb ka eesti keeles (näiteks aumees, jahimees, kälimees, maamees, põllumees, sannamees, talumees, nimepanemise ajal arvatavasti juba ka laenuline kaupmees). Saksa keelest on enamasti siiski laenatud nii perekonnanimede struktuuritüüp kui ka sageli nimeosade leksika (mugand, laen või otsetõlge eesti keelde). Vaid iga kümnenda nime puhul võiks väita, et aluseks on eestikeelne liitsõna. Huvitaval kombel järgib mees-lõpuline perekonnanimetüüp levikuala, mis on kindlaks tehtud paljude murdenähtuste puhul. Abstract. Marja Kallasmaa and Fred Puss: A borrowed name type: surnames ending with ‑mees ‘man’. In the Population Register in 2017, there were 63 surnames ending with -mees ‘man’. The article presents the etymology of all these names. The Estonian surname type ending -mees has mostly been borrowed from German surnames with the name formant -mann. Estonian peasants received their surnames in the 19th century (about 31,000 surnames in 1822–1835, of those around 100 ending with -mees). Among those, there were around 5,020 occasions of surnames (around 2,000 different names) ending with -man(n), mostly in North Estonia. In 1935–1940, the peak of the Estonianization of surnames took place and 22 names ending with -mees were added. 1. Most of surnames ending with -mees are translation loans as Jõemees (Bachmann), Majamees (Hausmann), Metsmees (Waldmann), Mäemees (Bergmann), Nõmmemees (Heidemann), etc. In one surname, a partial translation of the first part has been found: Piirimees (Altegrenzmann). 2. Surnames with adapted first part: Valdmees (Waldmann), Kunstimees (Kunstmann). 3. There are different first parts of surnames in the islands of Hiiumaa and Saaremaa: in Hiiumaa, the first parts are toponyms, in Saaremaa, mostly adjectives. 4. Some surnames present the dialectal form versus standard language form: Mõtsmees and Metsmees (dialectal mõts, standard mets ‘forest’), Tepomees and Teppomees (standard male name Tepo, in the coastal dialect Teppo, same in the old spelling), Sannamees (standard saunamees ‘smallholder’). The surname written in 1835 – Maelzemees – has given three different present-day spellings: Mäeltsemees, Mältsamees and Määltsemees. 5. German influence is both structural and lexical (translation, adaptation, word selection). 6. Only around one tenth of the names come from Estonian compound words

SNP based heritability estimates of common and specific variance in self and informant reported neuroticism scales

Objective. Our study aims to estimate the proportion of the phenotypic variance of Neuroticism and its facet scales that can be attributed to common SNPs in two adult populations from Estonia (EGCUT; N = 3,292) and the Netherlands (Lifelines; N = 13,383). Method. Genomic-Relatedness-Matrix Restricted Maximum Likelihood (GREML) using Genome-wide Complex Trait Analysis (GCTA) software was employed. To build upon previous research, we used self- and informant-reports of the 30-facet NEO personality inventories and analyzed both the usual sum scores and the residual facet scores of Neuroticism. Results. In the EGCUT cohort, the proportion of phenotypic variance explained by the additive effects of common genetic variants in self- and informant-reported Neuroticism domain scores was 15.2% (p = .070, SE = .11) and 6.2% (p = .293, SE = .12), respectively. The SNP-based heritability estimates at the level of Neuroticism facet scales differed greatly across cohorts and modes of measurement but were generally higher (a) for self- than for informant-reports, and (b) for sum than for residual scores. Conclusions. Our findings indicate that a large proportion of the heritability of Neuroticism is not captured by additive genetic effects of common SNPs with some evidence for gene-environment interaction across cohorts. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

Within-trait heterogeneity in age group differences in personality domains and facets:implications for the development and coherence of personality traits

The study investigated differences in the Five-Factor Model (FFM) domains and facets across adulthood. The main questions were whether personality scales reflected coherent units of trait development and thereby coherent personality traits more generally. These questions were addressed by testing if the components of the trait scales (items for facet scales and facets for domain scales) showed consistent age group differences. For this, measurement invariance (MI) framework was used. In a sample of 2,711 Estonians who had completed the NEO Personality Inventory 3 (NEO PI-3), more than half of the facet scales and one domain scale did not meet the criterion for weak MI (factor loading equality) across 12 age groups spanning ages from 18 to 91 years. Furthermore, none of the facet and domain scales met the criterion for strong MI (intercept equality), suggesting that items of the same facets and facets of the same domains varied in age group differences. When items were residualized for their respective facets, 46% of them had significant (p < 0.0002) residual age-correlations. When facets were residualized for their domain scores, a majority had significant (p < 0.002) residual age-correlations. For each domain, a series of latent factors were specified using random quarters of their items: scores of such latent factors varied notably (within domains) in correlations with age. We argue that manifestations of aetiologically coherent traits should show similar age group differences. Given this, the FFM domains and facets as embodied in the NEO PI-3 do not reflect aetiologically coherent traits

Märkusi talunimede vanusest Audru näitel

The article looks at Estonian farm names, using examples from Audru Parish. Farm names are considered younger than village names, although historians believe that the farm is older than the village as a settlement unit. It has been suggested that farm names developed in the 9th century. This article shows that many farm names were already documented in the 16th century. In the past, villages were subject to taxation, but from the 16th century onwards, farm families (Gesinde) became the tax unit. Indeed, it was in the 16th century that the names of peasants – mostly consisting of first and last names – began to appear in documents. The question is whether the last name of a peasant denoted a group of people (a family) or whether it also applied to the plot of land managed by the family. It makes sense to assume the latter. In this article I present examples of older farm names in Audru, their changes over time and name etymologies. I also make an attempt to align the names collected over nearly a century by the Mother Tongue Society and the Institute of the Estonian Language with those available in the Place Names Register

Impact of selective dry cow therapy on udder health

Loomaarstiõppe lõputöö Veterinaarmeditsiini õppekavalIntramammaarsete infektsioonide (IMI) tekkerisk on kõrgem kinnisperioodi alguses ja lõpus. Kinnisperioodil tekkiva IMI raviks kasutatakse pikatoimelisi intramammaarselt manustatavaid antibiootikume, kuid antibiootikumide liigne kasutamine on põhjustanud mikroobide antibiootikumiresistentsuse kiire tõusu. Seega leiab kinnisperioodiaegses mastiidiravis üha enam kasutust selektiivne kinnisperioodiaegne ravistrateegia, mille eesmärk on ravida vaid neid loomi, kellel esineb kinnijäämisel IMI. Töö eesmärgiks oli välja uurida, kuidas mõjutab kinnijätmise viis loomade udaratervist järgneval laktatsioonil, ning iseloomustada esimese saja laktatsioonipäeva jooksul tekkinud mastiite. Uuringus on käsitletud ühe selektiivset mastiidiravi kasutava Eesti farmi raviandmeid. Kogutud andmeid analüüsides leiti seosed kinnisperioodiaegse ravi ning udara tervistumise vahel, hinnates somaatiliste rakkude arvu (SRA) ning kliiniliste mastiitide esinemist. Kuna ravigruppide valik põhines looma udaratervisel, võrreldakse käesolevas töös eelkõige tervisestaatuse muutusi gruppide lõikes, mitte ravigruppe omavahel. Uuringust järeldus, et poegimiseelse somaatiliste rakkude arvu ning ravivaliku vahel oli seos, kuid siiski määratakse madala rakkude arvuga loomadele ka antibiootikumiravi. Lisaks leidsime, et vismutnitraadiga kinni jättes esines oluline muutus poegimiseelse ja – järgse somaatiliste rakkude arvu vahel. Enim esines E. coli ning S. aureus mastiite, kuid kliinliste mastiitide esinemus ei olnud ravigruppide vahel erinev. Siiski tervistus subkliinilistest mastiitidest vähem loomi kui nad jäeti kinni vaid vismutnitraadiga. Antud töö aitab hinnata uuringus osalenud farmi selektiivse antibiootikumiravi tõhusust. Tööga leidsime, et vismutsubnitraadiravi ei anna praegusel hetkel sama head ravitulemust kui antibiootikumiravi. Uuringu tulemustest lähtudes soovitame farmil langetada ravivalikute tegemisel SRA piirmäära, võtta kasutusele rohkem subkliiniliste mastiitide avastamise viise ning parandada poegmisi- ja lüpsihügieeni. Antud uuring võib olla ka edasiste, Eesti-põhiste laiemate uuringute osa.The risk of intramammary infections (IMI) is higher during the end and the start of the lactation period. Long-acting antibiotics are used as a treatment for the IMI; however, the use of antibiotics has raised the level of antibiotic resistance. For that reason, mastits is treated using selctive dry cow therapy, where the aim is to only treat animals that suffer from IMI during dry-off. The aim of the study was to find out, how the choice of drug during the dry-off impacts udder health during next lactation. In the study, we analyse the treatment protocols and outcomes of an Estonian farm using selective dry cow therapy. We look for connections between the selected treatment and udder health, considering the somatic cell count and prevalence of clinical mastitis. Since the three treatment groups were selected based on their health, we can not assess the difference between the groups, but the change within the groups. We determined that there was a connection between somatic cell count (SSC) and the chosen treatment. However, we still discovered multiple cases of andministering antibiotics to cows that had low SCC. We discovered an important change in per- and postcalving SCC in animals that had been dried off using bismuth subnitrate. The most clinical mastitis cases were caused by E. coli and S. aureus, but the prevalence of clinical mastitis did not differ between treatment groups. Nevertheless, fewer animals were cured from subclinical mastitis when dried off using bismuth subnitrate. The study found that bismuth subnitrate does not give as good curing rates as treatment with antibiotics. Based on the results of this study, we advise the farm to lower the SCC rates when deciding the treatment, start using more methods of determining subclinical mastitis before dry-off and improve calving and milking hygiene. This study could be a basis for further, Estonia-wide studies

Motivatsioon õpinguteks ja elusuundumus

Käesoleva bakalaureusetöö eesmärgiks on analüüsida, millised tegurid mõjutavad Tartu Ülikooli arstiteaduskonna tudengite motivatsiooni õpinguteks ja elusuundumust. Uuriti otseselt õpingutega seotud tegurite, kursuse ja eriala, mõju. Uuritavate tegurite alla kuulusid ka sugu, emakeel, perekonnaseis, töötamine, varasem õpe. Analüüsiti veel stressi ning tervise mõju motiveeritusele ja elusuundumusele. Vaadati, kas peres arstide olemasolul ning soovi kestusel õppida arstiteadust on seos motivatsiooniga õpinguteks ning elusuundumusega. Kasutati faktoranalüüsi, keskväärtuste võrdlemist ning seosekordajaid. Keskmiste võrdlemiseks kasutati dispersioonanalüüsi, t-testi ning mitteparameetrilisi meetodeid. Seoste uurimiseks kasutati 2-testi ning Spearmani korrelatsioonikordajat. Töös kasutatav andmestik on pärit Tartu Ülikooli arstiteaduskonnast, kus viidi 2009. - 2012. a sügissemestritel läbi küsitlus arstiüliõpilaste tervisliku seisundi kohta. Ankeet koosnes üheteistkümnest osast, millest käesolevas töös käsitletakse kolme: üldandmed, motivatsioon õpinguteks ning elusuundumus. Uurimus viidi läbi koostöös Saksamaal tegutseva Greifswaldi Ülikooliga. Käesolev töö koosneb kolmest peatükist. Esimeses peatükis antakse ülevaade kasutatud meetoditest. Teises peatükis kirjeldatakse andmestiku põhjal Tartu Ülikooli arstiteaduskonna tudengeid ning nende motivatsiooni õpinguteks ja elusuundumust kursuste lõikes. Kolmas peatükk sisaldab seoste analüüsi ning tulemusi uuritavate tegurite lõikes. Bakalaureusetöö sisaldab jooniseid ning tabeleid, mis on põhitekstis eristatud numbritega ning lisades tähtedega. Statistiline analüüs on läbi viidud tarkvarapaketi SAS 9.2 abil.2018-06-2

Physical Agents in the Occupational Environment in Estonia

Physical agents cause several physical and mental health disorders and reduce human capability for work, in most severe cases they cause disability. Usually the influence of these physical factors takes place in the work environment and depends on the factor’s intensity, exposure time, and individual characteristics. Influence is cumulative and may manifest itself after a long period of time, in several years. It is recommended to follow internationally recognized limit values of factors and introduce medical control of people before they start working as well as periodical medical control. From the most widespread risk factors, this article deals with noise with the data obtained from objective studies on Estonia