14,776 research outputs found
Chiral 3-exchange NN-potentials: Results for dominant next-to-leading order contributions
We calculate in (two-loop) chiral perturbation theory the local NN-potentials
generated by the three-pion exchange diagrams with one insertion from the
second order chiral effective pion-nucleon Lagrangian proportional to the
low-energy constants . The resulting isoscalar central potential
vanishes identically. In most cases these -exchange potentials are larger
than the ones generated by the diagrams involving only leading order vertices
due to the large values of (which mainly represent virtual
-excitation). A similar feature has been observed for the chiral
-exchange. We also give suitable (double-integral) representations for
the spin-spin and tensor potentials generated by the leading-order diagrams
proportional to involving four nucleon propagators. In these cases the
Cutkosky rule cannot be used to calculate the spectral-functions in the
infinite nucleon mass limit since the corresponding mass-spectra start with a
non-vanishing value at the -threshold. Altogether, one finds that chiral
-exchange leads to small corrections in the region fm where
- and chiral -exchange alone provide a very good strong NN-force as
shown in a recent analysis of the low-energy pp-scattering data-base.Comment: 11 pages, 7 figures, to be published in The Physical Review
Three episodes of jet activity in the FRII radio galaxy B0925+420
We present Very Large Array images of a "Double-Double Radio Galaxy", a class
of objects in which two pairs of lobes are aligned either side of the nucleus.
In this object, B0925+420, we discover a third pair of lobes, close to the core
and again in alignment with the other lobes. This first-known "Triple-Double"
object strongly increases the likelihood that these lobes represent mutiple
episodes of jet activity, as opposed to knots in an underlying jet. We model
the lobes in terms of their dynamical evolution. We find that the inner pair of
lobes is consistent with the outer pair having been displaced buoyantly by the
ambient medium. The middle pair of lobes is more problematic - to the extent
where an alternative model interpreting the middle and inner "lobes" as
additional bow shocks within the outer lobes may be more appropriate - and we
discuss the implications of this on our understanding of the density of the
ambient medium.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS. Figure 2 is best viewed in colou
Double-double radio galaxies: further insights into the formation of the radio structures
Double-double radio galaxies (DDRGs) offer a unique opportunity for us to
study multiple episodes of jet activity in large-scale radio sources. We use
radio data from the Very Large Array and the literature to model two DDRGs,
B1450+333 and B1834+620, in terms of their dynamical evolution. We find that
the standard Fanaroff-Riley II model is able to explain the properties of the
two outer lobes of each source, whereby the lobes are formed by ram-pressure
balance of a shock at the end of the jet with the surrounding medium. The inner
pairs of lobes, however, are not well-described by the standard model. Instead
we interpret the inner lobes as arising from the emission of relativistic
electrons within the outer lobes, which are compressed and re-accelerated by
the bow-shock in front of the restarted jets and within the outer lobes. The
predicted rapid progression of the inner lobes through the outer lobes requires
the eventual development of a hotspot at the edge of the outer lobe, causing
the DDRG ultimately to resemble a standard Fanaroff-Riley II radio galaxy. This
may suggest that DDRGs are a brief, yet normal, phase of the evolution of
large-scale radio galaxies.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS. 17 pages; 15 figures, 2 of which
are in colou
Onsager's Wien Effect on a Lattice
The Second Wien Effect describes the non-linear, non-equilibrium response of
a weak electrolyte in moderate to high electric fields. Onsager's 1934
electrodiffusion theory along with various extensions has been invoked for
systems and phenomena as diverse as solar cells, surfactant solutions, water
splitting reactions, dielectric liquids, electrohydrodynamic flow, water and
ice physics, electrical double layers, non-Ohmic conduction in semiconductors
and oxide glasses, biochemical nerve response and magnetic monopoles in spin
ice. In view of this technological importance and the experimental ubiquity of
such phenomena, it is surprising that Onsager's Wien effect has never been
studied by numerical simulation. Here we present simulations of a lattice
Coulomb gas, treating the widely applicable case of a double equilibrium for
free charge generation. We obtain detailed characterisation of the Wien effect
and confirm the accuracy of the analytical theories as regards the field
evolution of the free charge density and correlations. We also demonstrate that
simulations can uncover further corrections, such as how the field-dependent
conductivity may be influenced by details of microscopic dynamics. We conclude
that lattice simulation offers a powerful means by which to investigate
system-specific corrections to the Onsager theory, and thus constitutes a
valuable tool for detailed theoretical studies of the numerous practical
applications of the Second Wien Effect.Comment: Main: 12 pages, 4 figures. Supplementary Information: 7 page
Feasibility of Experimental Realization of Entangled Bose-Einstein Condensation
We examine the practical feasibility of the experimental realization of the
so-called entangled Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC), occurring in an entangled
state of two atoms of different species. We demonstrate that if the energy gap
remains vanishing, the entangled BEC persists as the ground state of the
concerned model in a wide parameter regime. We establish the experimental
accessibility of the isotropic point of the effective parameters, in which the
entangled BEC is the exact ground state, as well as the consistency with the
generalized Gross-Pitaevskii equations. The transition temperature is
estimated. Possible experimental implementations are discussed in detail.Comment: 6 pages, published versio
Perturbative analysis of generalized Einstein's theories
The hypothesis that the energy-momentum tensor of ordinary matter is not
conserved separately, leads to a non-adiabatic expansion and, in many cases, to
an Universe older than usual. This may provide a solution for the entropy and
age problems of the Standard Cosmological Model. We consider two different
theories of this type, and we perform a perturbative analysis, leading to
analytical expressions for the evolution of gravitational waves, rotational
modes and density perturbations. One of these theories exhibits satisfactory
properties at this level, while the other one should be discarded.Comment: 14 pages, Latex fil
The Development of Winged Angels in Early Christian Art
[ES] Las primeras representaciones de ángeles en el art paleocristianno fueron de un ser visualmente indiferencia do del hombre. Este estudio pretende explicar la aparición súbita de ángeles con alas, a fines del siglo lV, dentro de ese particular contexto histórico religioso. El modelo de ángel con alas fue Nike, una elección inusual si se tiene en cuenta que la Victoria fue concebida como mujer, mientras que los ángeles eran indudablemente masculinos.[EN] The first representations of angels in
Early Christian art showed a being
visually indistinguishable from man.
This study undertakes to explain the
sudden apperarance of winged
angels in the late fourth century
within its religious and historical
contexts The model for winged
angels was Nike, an unusual choice
given that Victory was conceived of
as a female, while angels were
decidedly male.Peer reviewe
Light transport in cold atoms and thermal decoherence
By using the coherent backscattering interference effect, we investigate
experimentally and theoretically how coherent transport of light inside a cold
atomic vapour is affected by the residual motion of atomic scatterers. As the
temperature of the atomic cloud increases, the interference contrast
dramatically decreases emphazising the role of motion-induced decoherence for
resonant scatterers even in the sub-Doppler regime of temperature. We derive
analytical expressions for the corresponding coherence time.Comment: 4 pages - submitted to Physical Review Letter
The Lifetime of FRIIs in Groups and Clusters: Implications for Radio-Mode Feedback
We determine the maximum lifetime t_max of 52 FRII radio sources found in 26
central group galaxies from cross correlation of the Berlind SDSS group catalog
with the VLA FIRST survey. Mock catalogs of FRII sources were produced to match
the selection criteria of FIRST and the redshift distribution of our parent
sample, while an analytical model was used to calculate source sizes and
luminosities. The maximum lifetime of FRII sources was then determined via a
comparison of the observed and model projected length distributions. We
estimate the average FRII lifetime is 1.5x10^7 years and the duty cycle is
~8x10^8 years. Degeneracies between t_max and the model parameters: jet power
distribution, axial ratio, energy injection index, and ambient density
introduce at most a factor of two uncertainty in our lifetime estimate. In
addition, we calculate the radio active galactic nuclei (AGN) fraction in
central group galaxies as a function of several group and host galaxy
properties. The lifetime of radio sources recorded here is consistent with the
quasar lifetime, even though these FRIIs have substantially sub-Eddington
accretion. These results suggest a fiducial time frame for energy injection
from AGN in feedback models. If the morphology of a given extended radio source
is set by large-scale environment, while the lifetime is determined by the
details of the accretion physics, this FRII lifetime is relevant for all
extended radio sources.Comment: 18 pages, 7 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJ. High resolution
paper available at http://www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/~bird/BMK07.pd
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