Techniques de conservation d'énergie pour les réseaux de capteurs sans fil

Les progrès technologiques réalisés ces dernières années ont permis le développement de nouveaux types de capteurs dotés de moyens de communication sans fil, peu onéreux et pouvant être configurés pour former des réseaux autonomes. Les domaines d'application sont nombreux : domotique, santé, domaine militaire ou bien encore surveillance de phénomènes environnementaux. Les limites imposées sont la limitation des capacités de traitement, de stockage et surtout d'énergie. La liberté laissée à l'implantation est forte et impose de concevoir complètement l'infrastructure, les mécanismes et les protocoles en fonction de l'application visée. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes tout d'abord focalisés sur des réseaux de petites tailles. Nous avons conçu une solution protocolaire "Placide" pour le suivi de la chaîne du froid proposée dans le cadre du projet ANR-CAPTEURS. L'originalité première de la solution repose sur l'absence d'infrastructure et de Station de Base. Elle est composée de protocoles performants fondés sur la formation d'un anneau virtuel entre les noeuds, auto-organisants et très économes en énergie. Le second axe est dédié à une étude expérimentale de la qualité du lien.L'objectif est double. Nous souhaitions tout d'abord étayer certaines hypothèses effectuées dans la première partie du travail. Il s'agissait ensuite de proposer des protocoles et des algorithmes fondés sur la qualité du lien. Nous nous sommes focalisés sur la variation de la qualité du lien en fonction de la distance entre les noeuds et de la puissance de transmission. Par la suite, l'impact de la qualité du lien sur la topologie du réseau a été étudiée. Les retours d'expérience sont importants quant à la compréhension des facteurs affectant la durée de vie du réseau. La dernière contribution concerne l'exploitation de ces observations en proposant des stratégies de partage decharge. Notre idée est que des protocoles très réduits et des mécanismes simples peuvent être mis en oeuvre pour le routage. Nous illustrons ces principes au travers d'exemples pour lesquels nous montrons la supériorité de ces solutions par rapport à des routages de type plus court chemin. ABSTRACT : Technological advances during the last few years allowed the development of new and cheap sensors equiped with wireless communication which can be configured to form autonomous networks. The application areas for wireless sensor networks (WSN) are various: home automations, health care services, military domain, and environment monitoring. The imposed constraints are limited capacity of processing, storage, and especially energy. In addition, implementing WSN solutions is highly open and requires that the infrastructure, the mechanisms and the protocols should be completely designed based on each specific application.In this thesis, we first focused on small networks. We designed « Placide », a protocol stack solution for cold chain monitoring proposed within the ANR-CAPTEURS project. The first originality of this solution is based on the absence of infrastructure and base stations. « Placide » is composed of self-organizing and energy-efficient protocols based on a virtual ring construction between nodes. The second topic is devoted to an experimental study on Link Quality Indicator (LQI). There are two main objectives. Firstly, we want to endorse our precise assumptions of the first part of the work. Secondly, our poposed link quality based protocols and algorithms willbe described. We focused on LQI variations according to distance between nodes and transmission power.Thereafter, the impact of LQI on the network topology has been studied. Feedbacks are important to understand which factors affect the network lifetime. The last contribution relates to the use of these observations by proposing load balancing strategies. Our idea is that very reduced protocols and simple mechanisms can be used in routing protocols. We illustrate these principles through simple examples where we show the superiority of these solutions compared to standard routing like shortest path for example

Load balancing and lifetime maximization in WSN

Workshop Univ Kyushu-INPTStrategies that balance the energy consumption of the nodes and ensure maximum network lifetime by balancing the load are proposed and analyzed. Multiple transmission power levels are used. We studied an optimal solution for calculating the hop-by-hop traffic proportions for the particular case of nodes having just two transmission power levels, and compared the results given by the heuristics with those from the optimal analytical case

Load Balancing Techniques for Lifetime Maximizing in Wireless Sensor Networks

International audienceEnergy consumption has been the focus of many studies on Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). It is well recognized that energy is a strictly limited resource in WSNs. This limitation constrains the operation of the sensor nodes and somehow compromises the long term network performance as well as network activities. Indeed, the purpose of all application scenarios is to have sensor nodes deployed, unattended, for several months or years.This paper presents the lifetime maximization problem in “many-to-one” and “mostly-off” wireless sensor networks. In such network pattern, all sensor nodes generate and send packets to a single sink via multi-hop transmissions. We noticed, in our previous experimental studies, that since the entire sensor data has to be forwarded to a base station via multi-hop routing, the traffic pattern is highly non-uniform, putting a high burden on the sensor nodes close to the base station.In this paper, we propose some strategies that balance the energy consumption of these nodes and ensure maximum network lifetime by balancing the traffic load as equally as possible. First, we formalize the network lifetime maximization problem then we derive an optimal load balancing solution. Subsequently, we propose a heuristic to approximate the optimal solution and we compare both optimal and heuristic solutions with most common strategies such as shortest-path and equiproportional routing. We conclude that through the results of this work, combining load balancing with transmission power control outperforms the traditional routing schemes in terms of network lifetime maximization

Energy Optimization based on the Redundancy in WSNs

International audienceAlmost all WSNs (Wireless Sensor Networks) are deployed with some redundancy degree and redundancy is used only for robustness objectives. If not handled in an intelligent way, redundancy results in energy wasting because of (often unnecessary) redundant transmission and reception operations. We propose to take benefit from measurement redundancy to optimize the energy consumption and improve the end-to-end delay. We propose MR-LEACH (Measurement Redundancy aware LEACH) protocol, which is an extension to the well-known LEACH protocol to improve energy consumption in cluster-based WSNs. In addition to cluster formation according to LEACH protocol redundant nodes are grouped taking into account their redundancy and only a single node transmits data in each redundant group. This technique significantly improves the energy consumption and ensures a better end-to-end delay. Through intensive simulations, we discuss the performance of our approach and show how it outperforms the original LEACH protocol in terms of network lifetime and end-to-end delay

B-alphaWSP Selection Algorithm: a Load Balancing Convergecast forWSNs

Many-to-one is a common traffic pattern in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), where nodes periodically forward data hop by hop to a single sink. Unfortunately, such communication pattern leads to lose nodes prematurely, especially those located in the sink neighborhood. That phenomenon is essentially due to the high load transit on these nodes, causing a spuriously activation rate comparing to other nodes therefore more energy waste. This is called the funneling effect, which causes also other issues including high delay and packet loss due to the congestion, and collisions. The objective of this work is to reduce the impact of this phenomenon by employing a load-balancing technique in the route selection process. Therefore, we propose the B-éWSP (Balanced-éWeighted Shortest Path) routing algorithm. Simulation results show that our algorithm can effectively reduce the impact of the funneling effect on the nodes activity. Consequently, it reduces the energy consumption and maintains a satisfactory Packet Reception Rate (PRR) comparing to the éWSP algorithm

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% [47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% [32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% [27.9-42.8] and 33.3% [25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.Peer reviewe

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010–19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

BACKGROUND: Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. METHODS: The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk–outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. FINDINGS: Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4·45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4·01–4·94) deaths and 105 million (95·0–116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44·4% (41·3–48·4) of all cancer deaths and 42·0% (39·1–45·6) of all DALYs. There were 2·88 million (2·60–3·18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50·6% [47·8–54·1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1·58 million (1·36–1·84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36·3% [32·5–41·3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20·4% (12·6–28·4) and DALYs by 16·8% (8·8–25·0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34·7% [27·9–42·8] and 33·3% [25·8–42·0]). INTERPRETATION: The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden

Energy conservation techniques for wireless sensor networks

Les progrès technologiques réalisés ces dernières années ont permis le développement de nouveaux types de capteurs dotés de moyens de communication sans fil, peu onéreux et pouvant être configurés pour former des réseaux autonomes. Les domaines d'application sont nombreux : domotique, santé, domaine militaire ou bien encore surveillance de phénomènes environnementaux. Les limites imposées sont la limitation des capacités de traitement, de stockage et surtout d'énergie. La liberté laissée à l'implantation est forte et impose de concevoir complètement l'infrastructure, les mécanismes et les protocoles en fonction de l'application visée. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes tout d'abord focalisés sur des réseaux de petites tailles. Nous avons conçu une solution protocolaire "Placide" pour le suivi de la chaîne du froid proposée dans le cadre du projet ANR-CAPTEURS. L'originalité première de la solution repose sur l'absence d'infrastructure et de Station de Base. Elle est composée de protocoles performants fondés sur la formation d'un anneau virtuel entre les noeuds, auto-organisants et très économes en énergie. Le second axe est dédié à une étude expérimentale de la qualité du lien.L'objectif est double. Nous souhaitions tout d'abord étayer certaines hypothèses effectuées dans la première partie du travail. Il s'agissait ensuite de proposer des protocoles et des algorithmes fondés sur la qualité du lien. Nous nous sommes focalisés sur la variation de la qualité du lien en fonction de la distance entre les noeuds et de la puissance de transmission. Par la suite, l'impact de la qualité du lien sur la topologie du réseau a été étudiée. Les retours d'expérience sont importants quant à la compréhension des facteurs affectant la durée de vie du réseau. La dernière contribution concerne l'exploitation de ces observations en proposant des stratégies de partage decharge. Notre idée est que des protocoles très réduits et des mécanismes simples peuvent être mis en oeuvre pour le routage. Nous illustrons ces principes au travers d'exemples pour lesquels nous montrons la supériorité de ces solutions par rapport à des routages de type plus court chemin.Technological advances during the last few years allowed the development of new and cheap sensors equiped with wireless communication which can be configured to form autonomous networks. The application areas for wireless sensor networks (WSN) are various: home automations, health care services, military domain, and environment monitoring. The imposed constraints are limited capacity of processing, storage, and especially energy. In addition, implementing WSN solutions is highly open and requires that the infrastructure, the mechanisms and the protocols should be completely designed based on each specific application.In this thesis, we first focused on small networks. We designed « Placide », a protocol stack solution for cold chain monitoring proposed within the ANR-CAPTEURS project. The first originality of this solution is based on the absence of infrastructure and base stations. « Placide » is composed of self-organizing and energy-efficient protocols based on a virtual ring construction between nodes. The second topic is devoted to an experimental study on Link Quality Indicator (LQI). There are two main objectives. Firstly, we want to endorse our precise assumptions of the first part of the work. Secondly, our poposed link quality based protocols and algorithms willbe described. We focused on LQI variations according to distance between nodes and transmission power.Thereafter, the impact of LQI on the network topology has been studied. Feedbacks are important to understand which factors affect the network lifetime. The last contribution relates to the use of these observations by proposing load balancing strategies. Our idea is that very reduced protocols and simple mechanisms can be used in routing protocols. We illustrate these principles through simple examples where we show the superiority of these solutions compared to standard routing like shortest path for example

Efficient Delay-aware Data Collection in mostly-off Wireless Sensor Networks

International audienceA challenging issue in data collection in duty-cycled wireless sensor networks (DC-WSNs) is the trade-off between lifetime and latency. Indeed, duty-cycling has long been a critical mechanism for energy conservation in WSNs where the sensor nodes switch between active and dormant states. Moreover, this mechanism involves strong sleep latencies leading to severe endto-end delay degradation. In this paper we propose a delayaware routing scheme to minimize the end-to-end delay in the data collection process already impacted by the significant sleep durations of the nodes. Most of traditional algorithms are based on restricting the propagation direction toward the sink from the propagation source in each hop and greedily searching the furthest neighbor each time. In our scheme we keep the same restriction on the propagation direction and we gradually adapt the transmission power allowing to each node to select all the potential forwarders regardless of their distance from the sink. First, we develop (FaST) a dynamic ForwArder Selection Technique where each node having packets to send must choose a forwarder whose next active time-slot is the closest. Besides, we combine power controlled unicast transmissions with FaST to better bound the communication delay while keeping energy consumption at acceptable values. Through extensive simulations, we examine the performance of our design Under different configurations and show how it outperforms traditional routing schemes in terms of end-to-end communication delay, load balancing and energy cost