Detecting Ship Tracks And Estimating Their Microphysical Properties İn The Atmosphere With Modis Data

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2011Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2011Bu çalışmada gemi izlerini oluşturan parçacık boyutunun 1 km çözünürlüğü olan MODIS datası ile sabah (Terra) geçişinden öğleden sonra (Aqua) geçişine kadar olan zaman dilimi içindeki değişimi analiz edildi. Gemi izleri, gemilerin egzosundan yayılan parçacıkların etrafında oluşan alçak seviyeli antropojenik bulutlardır, yani doğal yollardan değil, insan kaynaklı emisyonlar sonucu oluşurlar. Bu bulutları oluşturan parcacıklar sayı bakımından fazla, boyut bakımından küçük oldukları için, üstlerinde bulunan bulutları modifiye ederek yansıtma özelliklerini (albedo) değiştirirler ve bu sayede yakın kızılötesi görüntüde çevrelerinden daha parlak görünerek ayırd edilirler. Deniz yüzeyi ile gemi egzosu arasındaki yansıma özellikleri farkı, yani kontrastı, MODIS sensörünün 2.13 µm bandında daha büyük olduğu için, gemi izlerinin belirlenmesinde 2.13 µm kullanildi. Parçacıkların zaman içinde değişimini incelemek için MOD06 bulut algoritmasından yararlanıldı. Gemi emisyonu sonucu yayılan parçacıkların mikrofiziksel değişimlerini incelemek üzere değişik bölgelerden 5 lokasyon seçildi ve 5 durum çalışması yapıldı. Terra ve Aqua MODIS arasındaki zaman farkı içindeki parçacık değişimini hesaplamak için Terra ve Aqua MODIS sensörüne ait görüntülerde gemi izi çiftleri bulunarak, bu çiftlerinin karşılaştırılması yapıldı. Partikül boyutunun zaman geçtikçe ve kaynaktan uzaklaştıkça arttığı gözlendi. Partikül boyutunun zaman içindeki değişiminin 1 µm/saat’e kadar olduğu hesaplandı. Terra MODIS ve Aqua MODIS’in birbirleriyle uyum içinde olduğu ve her ikisinin de artan eğilim içinde oldukları gözlemlendi. Terra ve Aqua MODIS verisinde seçilen gemi izi çiftlerinin arasindaki korelasyon % 90±8 olarak hesaplandı. Seçilen 5 durum çalışmasının algoritma ile kararlılık gösterdiği sonucuna varıldı.In this study, 1 km Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) observations of morning (Terra) to afternoon (Aqua) passes were analyzed to estimate the particle sizes (and their changes in time) change of the aerosols that formed the ship tracks. Ship tracks are the low-level anthropogenic clouds that form around the exhaust released by ships. They modify the overlying cloud albedo by having high particle concentration and small droplet size and thus can be detected in near infrared imagery as bright features comparing to its surrounding. 2.13 µm observations are used for detecting ship tracks due to the large difference in the reflection from sea surface and ship exhaust. The MOD06 cloud algorithm is used to estimate effective particle radius change with time. Five case studies in different parts of the world are studied to examine the microphysical changes of the ship exhaust plumes in time. Ship track pairs were chosen both in Terra and Aqua MODIS imageries to estimate the particle size change from morning to afternoon time period. Particle size increased with time in the atmosphere as measured by distance from the ship. Particle growth over time is estimated to be up to 1 µm per hour. Terra and Aqua MODIS particle size estimates were in good agreement and both had particle size increasing with time. Terra and Aqua MODIS results are found to be 90±8% correlated with each other. The five case studies further demonstrated stability of the MOD06 algorithm.Yüksek LisansM.Sc

The size of the shadow economy in GDP

Schattenökonomie begann in den 1960ern in Europa und in den Vereinigten Staaten als ein Wirtschaftliches und Soziales Problem zu diskutiert werden. In den 80ern wurde es Weltweites Problem. Die Wirkungen von Schattenökonomie auf die Weltwirtschaft sind die Aufsteigungen der Budgedefizite, Verminderungen der Steuereinnahmen, Entbehrungen der sozialen Rechte der Arbeiter, ungerechtes Wettbewerb und die reduzierungen der Effizienz der Fiskal-und Geldpolitik. Das Ziel unserer Studie ist es, eine Vorstellung über die Schattenökonomie in zwei entwickelten Ländern, Deutschland und den Vereinigten Staaten zu zeigen, und mit der Erweiterung der Schattenökonomie in verschiedenen Industrie-und Entwicklungsländern zu vergleichen. Wir unterbreiten verschiedene Strategien zur Lösung dieser wichtigen wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Themen. Im ersten Kapitel, eine Definition der Schattenökonomie ist gemacht und seine Interaktion mit dem ofiziell Wirtschaft untersucht. Im zweiten Kapitel, in den theoretischen Hintergrund, die wichtigsten Ursachen und die Methoden zur Schätzung der Schattenwirtschaft und die Größe der Schattenwirtschaft wurden in verschiedenen Ländern abgewickelt. Im dritten Kapitel, haben wir einen Estimation der Scahttenwirtschaft für Deutschland und die Vereinigten Staaten mit zwei verschiedenen Methoden, ‘Currency Demand Approach‘ und ‘MIMIC Model Approach‘ gemacht. Es ist notwendig zu erklären die Beziehung zwischen allen Ursachen der Schattenwirtschaft auf die bestimmte Schätzungen um der Größe des BIP zu erwerben . Es ist klar, dass die Schattenwirtschaft hat eine positive Wirkung auf kurze Sicht und negative Auswirkungen auf lange Sicht.As a serious economic and social problem, shadow economy has begun to be discussed in Europe and United Stated during 1960s and it also became an important problem all over the world during 1980s. The effects of shadow economy on world economies are the rise of the budget deficits, decrease of tax revenues, deprivation of social rights of the workers, the comprise of a inequitable competition, reduce of the efficiencies of the fiscal and monetary policies. The aim of our study is to exhibit an idea about the shadow economy in two developed countries, Germany and United States, and to compare with the extension of shadow economy in different developed and developing countries. We also submit different policies about the solution of this important economic and social issue. In first chapter of the study, a definition of the shadow economy is made, and its interaction with the official economy is investigated. In second chapter, in the theoretical background, the main causes and the methods for estimating the shadow economy, the size of shadow economy in different countries were handled. In the third chapter, we made an estimation of shadow economy for Germany and United States with two different approaches which are called ‘Currency Demand Approach’ and ‘MIMIC Model Approach’. It is necessary to explain the relationship between all causes of the shadow economy to acquire the accurate and certain estimates of its size in GDP. With the frame we denoted above, it is clear that the shadow economy seems to have positive effect in the short run and negative effects in the long run

Examination of Knowledge and Fear Levels of Breast Cancer With the Spiritual Characteristics of Nurses

Introduction: Breast cancer is a common problem and it is important to understand the beliefs that increase awareness of breast cancer and guide early diagnosis behaviors. This research is planned to examine the knowledge and fear levels of breast cancer along with the spiritual characteristics of nurses.Methods: This is a descriptive type research. The domain of the research consists of women nurses working in Health Sciences University Samsun Education and Research Hospital. Sampling was not undertaken, rather 327 nurses who were on duty between January and May of 2016 and were willing to cooperate were incorporated into the study. Data was collected by use of the survey forms, “Breast Cancer Fear Scale” and “Comprehensive Breast Cancer Knowledge Test (GKMBT).” Data were analyzed with SPSS 21 Software.Results: Nurses who participated in the research had an average of age of 32.27 ± 1.04 years, 60.6% of whom were married, and had an average duration of nursing practice of 12.49 ± 9.92. The nurses' breast cancer fear level point average was 26.11 ± 6.58, the GMKBT scale general information sub-dimension point average was 7.20 ± 2.81, the treatability sub-dimension point average was 5.80 ± 1.68, and the total point average was found out to be 12.87 ± 2.81. It was determined that nurses' knowledge levels of breast cancer were not related to fear levels.Conclusion: It was concluded that the nurses' breast cancer fear level was high and their knowledge level was moderate. In line with the results obtained, it might be recommended that studies should be made to increase the nurses' knowledge and awareness on breast cancer

Functional Multipotency of Stem Cells: A Conceptual Review of Neurotrophic Factor-Based Evidence and Its Role in Translational Research

We here propose an updated concept of stem cells (SCs), with an emphasis on neural stem cells (NSCs). The conventional view, which has touched principally on the essential property of lineage multipotency (e.g., the ability of NSCs to differentiate into all neural cells), should be broadened to include the emerging recognition of biofunctional multipotency of SCs to mediate systemic homeostasis, evidenced in NSCs in particular by the secretion of neurotrophic factors. Under this new conceptual context and taking the NSC as a leading example, one may begin to appreciate and seek the “logic” behind the wide range of molecular tactics the NSC appears to serve at successive developmental stages as it integrates into and prepares, modifies, and guides the surrounding CNS micro- and macro-environment towards the formation and self-maintenance of a functioning adult nervous system. We suggest that embracing this view of the “multipotency” of the SCs is pivotal for correctly, efficiently, and optimally exploiting stem cell biology for therapeutic applications, including reconstitution of a dysfunctional CNS

The integration of occlusion and disparity information for judging depth in autism spectrum disorder

In autism spectrum disorder (ASD), atypical integration of visual depth cues may be due to flattened perceptual priors or selective fusion. The current study attempts to disentangle these explanations by psychophysically assessing within-modality integration of ordinal (occlusion) and metric (disparity) depth cues while accounting for sensitivity to stereoscopic information. Participants included 22 individuals with ASD and 23 typically developing matched controls. Although adults with ASD were found to have significantly poorer stereoacuity, they were still able to automatically integrate conflicting depth cues, lending support to the idea that priors are intact in ASD. However, dissimilarities in response speed variability between the ASD and TD groups suggests that there may be differences in the perceptual decision-making aspect of the task

Besteuerung von Alterseinkünften aus der gesetzlichen Rente

In dieser Arbeit wurde die Besteuerung der Einkünfte aus den gesetzlichen Renten erklärt. Neben der Besteuerung der gesetzlichen Renten wurden auch auf die Ver-sorgungslücke, die Ursachen der Versorgungslücke, die Maßnahmen gegen diese eingegangen. Es wurden viele Berechnungsbeispiele für die Besteuerung gebrach-t. Darüber hinaus wurde die unterschiedliche Besteuerung der gesetzlichen Renten nach dem alten Recht und nach dem neuem Recht verdeutlicht. Der Grund für die neue Gesetzgebung war, dass einige Experten die alte Rechtslage kritisierten, weil die Rentenbezieher nach alter Rechtsgrundlage durch den Ertragsanteil im Rahmen der Besteuerung der Rente nicht gleich behandelt wurden. Dies ist mit einem Urteil des Bundesverfassungsgerichts vom 6. März 2002 (Az.: 2 BvL 17/99, BVerfGE 105,73 NJW 2002, 1103) bestätigt. Zum Abbauen der ungleichen Behandlung der Rentenbezieher wurde eine neue Rentenform entworfen. Nach dieser neuen Rentenform sind eine volle Besteuerung der Renten und die Freistellung der Rentenbeiträge vorgesehen. Diese Neuregelung führt zu Erhöhung der freigestellten Altersvorsorgebeiträge, während die Renten immer mehr besteuert werden. Darüber hinaus ermöglicht die neue Rechtslage Steuersenkungen. Für die volle Besteuerung der Renten ist ein Übergang vorgesehen. Wie dieser Übergang erfolgt, wurde im Kapitel 5.4.3 erklärt. Ein weiteres Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, den jungen Menschen ein klares Bild davon zu machen, warum sie sich mit dem Motto „Früher an Später denken“ um ihre Altersvorsorge kümmern sollen. Das deutsche Rentenversicherungssystem basiert auf dem Umlageverfahren. Beim Umlageverfahren bleiben die Beiträge nicht kon-stant wie beim Anwartschaftsdeckungsverfahren oder Kapitaldeckungsverfahren. Beim Umlageverfahren ist die Höhe der Rentenbeiträge von der Arbeitslosigkeit und der Entwicklung der Bevölkerung abhängig.D.h. Junge und arbeitende Personen finanzieren die Rente der alten Personen. Diese wird den kommenden Generationen durch den Generationsvertrag gesichert, damit ihre Rente in gleicher Weise finanziert wird. Für die Zukunft müssen entweder die Beiträge stark angehoben oder die Renten gekürzt werden, um das Umlageverfahren beibehalten zu können. Wer seinen Wohlstand auch im Alter behalten möchte, muss früh weitere Maßnahmen für seine Altersvorsorge ergreifen

Or I'll Dress You in Mourning: Post-Civil War Spain, El Cordobes, and Social Realism's Reflections in the Novel

Bullfighting as a tradition that dates back many centuries in Spanish history and during this time it has been identified with honour, pride and success - indeed, success in the arena was regarded as a gateway to fame and wealth by many young Spaniards in 20th century. One of the embodiments of this success is Manuel Benitez, better known as "El Cordobes". This bullfighter, whose reputation rivalled that of Francisco Franco in the 60s, was the subject of the novel Or I'll dress you in mourning by French and American journalists Dominique Lapierre and Larry Collins with his extraordinary life story. In this novel, in which the documentary technique is utilized, not only the journey of El Cordobes to success, but also the history, social structure and bullfighting tradition of Spain from the civil war to the end of the 60s are described in detail. In this study, the world of bullfighting and the meaning of this tradition for Spaniards are investigated, while the novel, Or I'll dress you in mourning, which reflects the post-civil war Spanish society through classes, is examined in the light of the norms of social realism. The social realism criteria defended by the Marxist literary critic and theorist Lucien Goldmann have been examined in this literary work, which is also the object of study, and as a result, it has been determined that many criteria such as the reflection of the collective consciousness of the society in the work, the presence of exceptional individuals in the narrative and the use of a plain narrative language are found in the novel and they are also presented by relevant examples. The novel, which favours fiction and narration elements, objectively reflects the Spain of that period with the values, cultural structure and approaches of different social classes. It also portrays the historical period it is subject to in a social realist style

A Comprehensive Review on Electrocatalytic Applications of 2D Metallenes

This review introduces metallenes, a cutting-edge form of atomically thin two-dimensional (2D) metals, gaining attention in energy and catalysis. Their unique physicochemical and electronic properties make them promising for applications like catalysis. Metallenes stand out due to their abundance of under-coordinated metal atoms, enhancing the catalytic potential by improving atomic utilization and intrinsic activity. This review explores the utility of 2D metals as electrocatalysts in sustainable energy conversion, focusing on the Oxygen Evolution Reaction, Oxygen Reduction Reaction, Fuel Oxidation Reaction, and Carbon Dioxide Reduction Reaction. Aimed at researchers in nanomaterials and energy, the review is a comprehensive resource for unlocking the potential of 2D metals in creating a sustainable energy landscape

Multidrug and Heavy Metal-Resistant Raoultella planticola Isolated from Surface Water

Icgen, Bulent/0000-0001-8114-4230WOS: 000321910800008PubMed: 23754693A surface water isolate of Raoultella sp. having both multidrug- and multimetal-resistant ability was isolated and identified as Raoultella planticola. R. planticola displayed resistance to 15 drugs like ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, aztreonam, erythromycin, imipenem, oxacillin, pefloxacin, penicillin, piperacillin, piperacillin/tazobactam, rifampin, sulbactam/cefoperazone, ticarsillin, ticarsillin/clavulanic acid, vancomycin, and to 11 heavy metals like aluminum, barium, copper, iron, lead, lithium, manganese, nickel, silver, strontium, and tin. The multidrug and multi-metal-resistant R. planticola may remain present in the environment for a long time. Due to a possible health risk of these pathogenic bacteria, a need exists for an accurate assessment of their acquired resistance to multiple drugs and metals