Feniks i delphinus salvator. Historia zapomnianych wyobrażeń ikonografii wczesnochrześcijańskiej

Art in the 3rd and 4th centuries underwent transformations and adapted cer­tain representations which were typical of ancient iconography to the new needs and tasks of Christian art. Among the abundant examples of this pro­cess, many continue to be popular and recognizable, such as the representation of Hermes Kriophoros, which evolved to become Christ the Good Shepherd, or the sleeping Endymion, which became part of the “Jonah cycle.” The adaptation of patterns from antiquity for the purposes of Christian iconography was both popular and quite common, but only a fraction of the representations developed in that period survive today. This paper discusses the representa­tions that have been forgotten. Relying on the examples of the phoenix and the dolphin-rescuer, the paper analyzes factors that affected the partial (phoenix) or complete (delphinus salvator) disappearance of images which were typical of early Christian art and which relied on ancient imagery.W sztuce III i IV wieku dochodziło do transformacji i dostosowania niektó­rych przedstawień ikonografii antycznej do nowych potrzeb i zadań, jakie sta­wiała przed nimi sztuka chrześcijańska. Przykłady można mnożyć, zaczy­nając od tych bardziej znanych i do dziś rozpoznawalnych, jak chociażby przedstawienie Hermesa Kriophorosa, które ewoluuje do figury Chrystusa Dobrego Pasterza, czy śpiącego Endymiona, które wejdzie w skład tzw. cyklu Jonasza. Zjawisko akomodacji wzorców antycznych dla potrzeb ikonografii chrześcijańskiej było wówczas działaniem popularnym i dość powszech­nym, ale jedynie część z powstałych w tym czasie przedstawień przetrwała do dzisiaj. Właśnie takim zapomnianym wyobrażeniom poświęcono poniższe rozważanie, gdyż na przykładzie przedstawień feniksa i delfina ocalającego prześledzono czynniki, które wpływały na częściowy – feniks, lub całkowity – delphinus salvator, proces zanikania niektórych obrazów sztuki wczesno­chrześcijańskiej, bazujących na wzorcach antycznych

Change of the actions declared in simulated situations involving interpersonal aggression

Background and Study Aim: One of the research tasks most difficult in methodological sense is to anticipate human actions and behaviours in the potential situations involving physical aggression. The goal of the study is to answer the question whether regardless of the aggressor's aim people are willing to take countermeasures in a comparable manner or even to refrain from an active defence. Material and Methods: Ten years after socio-political transformation in Poland (1999) we studied 1472 persons (1123 males and 349 females), including: graduates of various types of secondary schools directly after their graduation and working in various professions (n = 454); 1st to 3rd year students (n = 435); university graduates working as a teacher, physician, official, military-, police- and prison officer, etc. (n = 583). The average age of respondents amounted to 27.3 years (19 to 58 years). Studies involved verbal simulation and KK’98 questionnaire with verified accuracy and reliability. Results: During a hypothetical assault on bystanders, with no attack’s goal revealed, most respondents (68.41%) declared that they would respond to aggression with more aggression, whereas 29.08% of them assumed that they would take up action in line with the criteria related to the right of self-defence and 2.51% would not react. When the goal of a hypothetical aggressor was to kill the respondents, a radical change in answers could have been observed: 29.49%; 60.12%; 10.39%, responsively. Conclusion: It seems that the awareness of aggressor’s goal and a target of physical assault are the factors which highly influence the behaviour of people who are in the social environment and in certain relationship with the aggressor. There is a clear tendency for respecting the criteria related to the right of self-defence when aggression is channelled directly towards the respondent which speaks in favour of the Old Testament principle “an eye for an eye”

Ekumenizm na drodze przemian: problemy i wyzwania

The author of the article has aimed at briefly outlining the present situation of the ecumenical movement. In the course of the reflection, he states that in the history of the ecumenical movement, the period of initial enthusiasm and dynamic development has given place to a period in which difficulties are experienced. Satisfaction with the doubtless achievements goes side by side with a sense of disappointment and discouragement resulting from the fact that the desired unity has not been possible to realize despite the efforts taken. However, this is not a time of stagnation or ice age, as some think, but, rather, time of approaching maturity, of estimating the way covered and recognizing new challenges. All this leads us to the conclusion that, at present, ecumenism is in a deepreaching process of transformation. It focuses especially on issues such as: 1) the aim of ecumenism, 2) the partners of dialogue, 3) ecumenical paradigm, 4) confessional identity, 5) reception of the achievements of dialogue. No doubt, the way to full unity is longer and harder than many have expected. However, the ecumenical involvement of the Roman Catholic Church is irreversible. The problems noted and the new challenges in the field of ecumenism should inspire one to a more intense and deep effort for the sake of bringing back full and visible union of all Christ’s disciples.The author of the article has aimed at briefly outlining the present situation of the ecumenical movement. In the course of the reflection, he states that in the history of the ecumenical movement, the period of initial enthusiasm and dynamic development has given place to a period in which difficulties are experienced. Satisfaction with the doubtless achievements goes side by side with a sense of disappointment and discouragement resulting from the fact that the desired unity has not been possible to realize despite the efforts taken. However, this is not a time of stagnation or ice age, as some think, but, rather, time of approaching maturity, of estimating the way covered and recognizing new challenges. All this leads us to the conclusion that, at present, ecumenism is in a deepreaching process of transformation. It focuses especially on issues such as: 1) the aim of ecumenism, 2) the partners of dialogue, 3) ecumenical paradigm, 4) confessional identity, 5) reception of the achievements of dialogue. No doubt, the way to full unity is longer and harder than many have expected. However, the ecumenical involvement of the Roman Catholic Church is irreversible. The problems noted and the new challenges in the field of ecumenism should inspire one to a more intense and deep effort for the sake of bringing back full and visible union of all Christ’s disciples

Rewizja i kodyfikacja kanonów we współczesnym prawosławiu

The author of the present article aims at presenting essential aspects of the present debate on revision and codification of the canons in the Orthodox Church. The topic is explored in four parts. First, the author focuses on the problems with applying old canons in the Orthodox Church today. Next, he discusses some proposals and attempts at codifying the canons in contemporary Orthodoxy. For the third, he presents the outlooks of contemporary Orthodox theologians and canonists on the need and possibility of realization of this initiative. The last part comprises results of the author’s reflection and conclusions. From the research made, it follows that the proposal for revision and codification of the Sacred Canons is not viewed by Orthodox theologians and canonists in the same way: it has its proponents and opponents. In the end, the author states that it is the Pan-Orthodox Council that would be the proper forum for elaborating a common stand on this issue.Celem niniejszego artykułu jest prezentacja istotnych aspektów aktualnej debaty na temat rewizji i kodyfikacji kanonów w Kościele prawosławnym. Temat został rozwinięty w czterech częściach. Na początku zwrócono uwagę na problemy w stosowaniu dawnych kanonów w życiu dzisiejszego Kościoła prawosławnego. Następnie ukazano wysuwane propozycje i podejmowane we współczesnym prawosławiu próby kodyfikacji kanonów. W trzeciej zaprezentowano poglądy współczesnych teologów i kanonistów prawosławnych na temat potrzeby i możliwości realizacji tego przedsięwzięcia. W końcowej części zestawiono wyniki refleksji i sformułowano wnioski. Z przeprowadzonych badań m.in. wynika, że propozycja rewizji i kodyfikacji świętych kanonów nie jest w sposób jednolity postrzegana przez teologów i kanonistów prawosławnych. W podejściu do tej kwestii można odnotować dwa przeciwstawne stanowiska: zwolenników i przeciwników. Ostatecznie stwierdzono, że właściwym forum dla wypracowania wspólnego stanowiska w badanej sprawie jest sobór całego prawosławia

The role of fibrinogen and CRP in cardiovascular risk in patients with acromegaly

Wstęp: U chorych na akromegalię stwierdza się 2-3-krotnie zwiększoną śmiertelność z przyczyn sercowo-naczyniowych. Zmiany stężeń białek ostrej fazy, obserwowane w akromegalii, mogą prowadzić do chorób układu krążenia. Celem pracy była ocena wydzielania fibrynogenu i białka C-reaktywnego (CRP, C-reactive protein) u chorych na akromegalię. Materiał i metody: Siedemdziesiąt siedem osób chorych podzielono na grupy z aktywną (AA, n = 56) i kontrolowaną akromegalią (CA, n = 21), 20 zdrowych osób dopasowanych pod względem płci i wieku stanowiło grupę kontrolną. Oznaczono stężenia fibrynogenu, CRP, glukozy na czczo, insuliny, cholesterolu całkowitego, cholesterolu frakcji LDL i frakcji HDL, triglicerydów w surowicy, oraz wyliczono wskaźnik masy ciała (BMI, body mass index). Wyniki: Porównanie badanych grup wykazało: większe stężenia fibrynogenu, triglicerydów, glukozy i wartości BMI w grupie AA niż kontrolnej; większe stężenia CRP, fibrynogenu, triglicerydów i wartości BMI w grupie CA niż kontrolnej; większe stężenia cholesterolu frakcji LDL i insuliny oraz mniejsze CRP i wartości BMI w grupie AA niż CA. Stężenie fibrynogenu było największe w grupie AA, a najmniejsze w grupie kontrolnej. Było ono wysokie u wszystkich chorych na akromegalię, niezależnie od stadium choroby i istotnie większe niż u osób zdrowych. Stężenie CRP było największe w grupie CA, a najmniejsze w grupie kontrolnej. Stężenia CRP były paradoksalnie istotnie mniejsze w grupie AA niż w grupie CA i nie tłumaczą przyczyny zwiększonej śmiertelności z przyczyn krążeniowych w akromegalii. Wnioski: Fibrynogen odgrywa ważną rolę jako czynnik ryzyka sercowo-naczyniowego w akromegalii, niezależnie od wyleczenia choroby. Znaczenie CRP jako czynnika ryzyka krążeniowego u chorych z niewyrównaną akromegalią powinno być dokładniej wyjaśnione w dalszych badaniach. (Endokrynol Pol 2010; 61 (1): 83-88)Introduction: Patients with active acromegaly have 2- to 3-fold increased cardiovascular mortality. Alterations of acute phase proteins, observed in acromegaly, could lead to cardiovascular diseases. Aim of the study was to evaluate fibrinogen and C-reactive protein (CRP) secretion in patients with acromegaly. Material and methods: Seventy-seven patients were divided into groups with active (AA, n = 56) and controlled acromegaly (CA, n = 21). Twenty age- and sex-matched healthy subjects served as controls. Serum fibrinogen, CRP, fasting glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, LDL and HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides were measured, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Results: Comparison between the groups revealed: higher fibrinogen, triglycerides, glucose levels, and BMI values in AA than in the controls; higher CRP, fibrinogen, triglyceride levels, and BMI values in CA than in the controls; higher LDL cholesterol and insulin levels and lower CRP levels and BMI values in the AA group than in the CA group. Fibrinogen concentration was highest in the AA group and lowest in the control group. Fibrinogen levels were high in all patients with acromegaly, irrespective of disease status, and they were significantly higher than in healthy subjects. CRP concentration was highest in the CA group and lowest in the control group. CRP levels were significantly and paradoxically lower in patients with AA than in patients with well-controlled disease and did not explain the increased cardiovascular mortality in acromegaly. Conclusions: Fibrinogen plays an important role as a cardiovascular risk factor in acromegaly, irrespective of the cure of the disease. The role of CRP as a cardiovascular risk factor in patients with uncontrolled acromegaly should be better explained in future studies. (Pol J Endocrinol 2010; 61 (1): 83-88

Effects of Nordic Walking and Pilates training programs on aminotransferase activity in overweight and obese elderly women

Hagner-Derengowska Magdalena, Kałużny Krystian, Budzyński Jacek. Effects of Nordic Walking and Pilates training programs on aminotransferase activity in overweight and obese elderly women. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2015;5(12):563-580. eISSN 2391-8306. DOIhttp://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.44249http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/2015%3B5%2812%29%3A563-580http://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/687148Formerly Journal of Health Sciences. ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X. Archives 2011–2014http://journal.rsw.edu.pl/index.php/JHS/issue/archive The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport (null) 2391-8306 7© The Author (s) 2015;This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland and Radom University in Radom, PolandOpen Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercialuse, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.Received: 10.12.2015. Revised 15.12.2015. Accepted: 29.12.2015. Effects of Nordic Walking and Pilates training programs on aminotransferase activity in overweight and obese elderly women Magdalena Hagner-Derengowska1, Krystian Kałużny2, Jacek Budzyński3 1 Chair of Clinical Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland2 Chair and Clinic of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland3 Chair of Vascular and Internal Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland  Corresponding author:Magdalena Hagner-Derengowska, PT, PhDChair of Clinical Neuropsychology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in ToruńM. Skłodowskiej-Curie 9 Street, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, PolandE-mail address: [email protected]  ABSTRACTBackground & Aims: Elevation of alanine (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities may appear as liver injury due to fat storage and other enzyme sources, such as rhabdomyolysis. Elevated ALT is associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in an elderly population. The aims of this study was to determine the effect of a 10-weeks training program on the serum activity of these enzymes in postmenopausal women with overweight and obesity.Methods: The study comprised 81 postmenopausal women with overweight and obesity: 34 (42%) of whom completed a 10-weeks Nordic Walking (NW) rehabilitation program, 27 (33%) of whom completed a Pilates rehabilitation program, and 20 (25%) of whom were the control group. Blood for testing for ALT, AST, and other parameters of metabolic syndrome was collected before the program commenced and after it finished.Results: Elevated (> 34 U/l) ALT and AST activities presented in 9 (11%) and 7 (9%) of the patients, respectively. A reduction in ALT and AST activities was observed in 43 (53%) of the subjects, and in 61%, 59% and 40%, and 47%, 63% and 50% of the individuals who completed the NW and Pilates programs and were in the control group, respectively.Conclusions: The outcome of the training programs on aminotransferase serum activities in postmenopausal women with overweight and obesity was individually different and not related to exercise type. Keywords: alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, obesity, Nordic Walking, Pilates

People You May Know: Homosexual Men’s Identity in the Time of Social Networking Services

In the following article several key points are highlighted from a doctoral thesis entitled Gay Men, Social Media and Self-presentation: Managing Identities in Gaydar, Facebook and Beyond written by Elijah M. Cassidy at the University of Technology in Queensland, Australia. The dissertation focuses on the ways in which homosexual men, who use both niche and mainstream Social Network Services (SNS), manage their identities therein. The research uncovers the entanglements of various practices employed in both spaces and presents complex privacy concerns. It also refers to manifold peculiarities of Internet-mediated communication and the ambivalent impact of mainstream and niche SNSs on the sense of collectivity of the researched group. Having presented the main ideas of Cassidy’s research I determine the connection between his conclusions and those drawn from two Polish studies which recently treaded the relatively uncharted waters of this research area.Udostępnienie publikacji Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego finansowane w ramach projektu „Doskonałość naukowa kluczem do doskonałości kształcenia”. Projekt realizowany jest ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Wiedza Edukacja Rozwój; nr umowy: POWER.03.05.00-00-Z092/17-00

Ukraińska autokefalia rok po ustanowieniu: reakcje i dylematy świata prawosławnego

The present article is a reflection on the ways the Ukrainian autocephaly is received in the Orthodox world one year after its establishment. The topic has been discussed in three parts. First, the author has presented the stand of Constantinople and Moscow on the establishment of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church. Next, he discussed the reactions of other Orthodox Churches to Ukrainian autocephaly. In the final part, the author focused on the attempt at an agreement on this issue undertaken in Amman (2020). In the course of his reflection, the author stated that so far only three out of fourteen Orthodox Churches acknowledged Ukrainian autocephaly (Constantinople, Alexandria and Greece); seven Churches hold a negative stand (Antioch, Jerusalem, Moscow, Serbia, Poland, Albany, Czech Republic and Slovakia); the remaining four Churches (of Georgia, Romania, Bulgaria and Cyprus) have not formulated a unequivocal opinion in this matter.W artykule podjęto refleksję nad stanem recepcji ukraińskiej autokefalii w świecie prawosławnym po roku od jej ustanowienia. Temat został rozwinięty w trzech częściach. Najpierw przedstawiono stanowisko Konstantynopola i Moskwy w sprawie ustanowienia autokefalicznego Kościoły Prawosławnego Ukrainy. Następnie omówiono reakcje pozostałych Kościołów prawosławnych na ukraińską autokefalię. W końcowej części zwrócono uwagą na podjętą w Ammanie (2020 r.) próbę porozumienia w tej sprawie. W toku refleksji m.in. stwierdzono, że dotąd tylko 3 z 14 autokefalicznych Kościołów prawosławnych uznały ukraińską autokefalię (Konstantynopol, Aleksandria i Grecja); negatywne stanowisko prezentuje 7 Kościołów (Antiochii, Jerozolimy, Moskwy, Serbii, Polski, Albania oraz Czech i Słowacji); pozostałe 4 Kościoły (Gruzji, Rumunii, Bułgarii i Cypru) nie sformułowały jednoznacznego stanowiska w badanej sprawie

Zasada jawności unijnego prawa spółek – gwarancją bezpieczeństwa obrotu

Principle of openness serves to implement principles of security and certainty of widely understood legal transactions. Disclosure of the companies’ data allows recognizing the legal and financial situation of the company. Principle of openness is implemented in the national legal order on three levels: provision of information from the public open register, access to data from the open registration files and announcements in the official journal of national extent. As a result of the EU accession, new challenges appeared in the national legal order leading, from practical point of view, to the duty of application and interpretation of European law. Influence of the EU provisions, application and interpretation of the European law guarantee practical application of the openness principle serving to implement principles of security and certainty of widely understood legal transactions.Prezes Sądu Rejonowego w Białymstok

The meaning of sexual jealousy

W pracy zaprezentowano poglądy różnych badaczy na temat zazdrości seksualnej, przede wszystkim w ujęciu psychologii społecznej. Autor traktuje zazdrość jako awersyjną reakcję emocjonalną, uwydatnia jej złożoność oraz subiektywizm jej odczuwania. W poglądach na temat genezy zazdrości seksualnej uwzględnia się w równym stopniu aspekt biologiczny i kulturowy. Nakreślone tło historyczno-kulturowe ukazuje zmienny stosunek do tej emocji na przestrzeni wieków — różne wzorce zachowań intymnych w różnych społecznościach. Autor podkreśla, że różne zdarzenia mogą wywoływać zazdrość seksualną w zależności od kultury, w której funkcjonuje jednostka, ale podstawą tej emocji jest także sytuacja zagrożenia. W pracy zawarto opisy sposobów reagowania w sytuacji zazdrości seksualnej oraz wzorcowych zachowań, które są odpowiedzią na tę emocję. Autor odwołuje się do badań, które wskazują na zależność między określonymi cechami osobowościowymi a wzbudzaniem zazdrości seksualnej. Jednocześnie podkreśla fakt, że zazdrości seksualnej nie można traktować jako stałej cechy osobowości.The following work presents the views of various authors on sexual jealousy from the point of view of social psychology. Sexual jealousy is seen as an averse emotional reaction, its complexity is often stressed by a number of authors. So is our subjectivity of opinion when being gripped by it. This work includes views on the origins of sexual jealousy, both from the cultural as well as biological point of view. The historical and cultural background show us how our sexual jealousy evolved over time. We also see its behaviourial patterns across various societies. The author stresses the fact that - depending on what culture we belong to - different situations can become the source of sexual jealousy. Yet we can also say that at the very heart of jealousy there lies the feeling of insecurity. This work includes different ways of reacting to sexual jealousy as well as examples of how to deal with this feeling. The observations stress the link between certain elements of our personal characteristics and the appearance of sexual jealousy. Yet we must remember at the same time that sexual jealousy cannot be viewed as a internal element of our character