72 research outputs found

    L’ impact du comité d’audit dans l’amélioration de la gouvernance des entreprises maliennes

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    La gouvernance est utilisĂ©e dans de nombreux domaines. Ce concept a pour origine du verbe grec « kubernân Â» signifiant « piloter un navire ou un char Â» citĂ© par (Bakkour, 2013).A cet effet, le conseil d’administration est un organe suprĂŞme qui fixe les règles de gouvernance d’entreprise et la vision stratĂ©gique de l’entreprise Ă  long terme. En cela il se fait aider par son comitĂ© spĂ©cialisĂ©, qui est en occurrence, le comitĂ© d’audit. Le comitĂ© d’audit se concentre davantage sur les systèmes, les processus et les contrĂ´les internes correspondants et collabore avec les auditeurs internes dans le cadre de leur supervision et de leur protection contre les pressions opportunistes des dirigeants afin de promouvoir la gouvernance d’entreprise. L’objectif de cet article consiste Ă  distinguer l’influence du comitĂ© d’audit sur l’amĂ©lioration de la gouvernance des entreprises maliennes prestataires de service. Cette recherche qui utilise des donnĂ©es quantitatives, une dĂ©marche hypothĂ©tico-dĂ©ductive classique et adopte un positionnement Ă©pistĂ©mologique positiviste. Le rĂ©sultat obtenu auprès de 65 personnes dans 39 entreprises maliennes prestataires de service, nous montre que le comitĂ© d’audit amĂ©liore la gouvernance des entreprises maliennes prestataires de service, cela a Ă©tĂ© affirmĂ© par 92.3% des rĂ©pondants Ă  notre questionnaire d’enquĂŞte.  &nbsp

    Flambée des prix alimentaires internationaux : opportunité ou désastre pour les populations les plus pauvres ?

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    Cet article propose et applique un cadre d'analyse pour l'étude des conséquences de la flambée des prix des denrées alimentaires sur les populations pauvres des pays du Sud. Il met en évidence la complexité des mécanismes à l'oeuvre et la diversité des cas. Parmi les grands ensembles régionaux, l'Afrique Sub-saharienne apparaît particulièrement exposée à des impacts négatifs, mais les situations sont contrastées d'une nation à l'autre. Trois pays sont retenus pour une analyse au niveau des marchés locaux et des ménages (Cameroun, Mali, Sénégal). Au Sénégal, la contagion aux prix alimentaires intérieurs est la plus importante, elle a des conséquences négatives sur les ménages, en particulier les plus pauvres. Au Mali par contre, on note très peu d'impacts sur les marchés domestiques. Le Cameroun illustre une situation intermédiaire entre ces deux extrêmes

    Analyse comparative des initiatives One Health en Guinée et en République Démocratique du Congo: Un appel à l’opérationnalisation

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    La Guinée et la République Démocratique du Congo (RDC) sont deux pays confrontés à des maladies zoonotiques (ré)émergentes, lesquelles représentent de graves menaces pour la santé publique et pour l’économie. Cela renforce l’importance de mettre l'accent sur les approches interdisciplinaires pour la prévention, la détection et l’atténuation des maladies infectieuses afin de mettre en place des systèmes de réponses adéquats. Dans les dernières années, des efforts ont été fournis dans les deux pays pour la conception, la mise en œuvre et la promotion de l’approche “Une Seule Santé” (One Health) qui offre des solutions à l’interface homme-animal-plante-écosystèmes. Cependant, dans ces pays, il n’existe pas une approche systémique “Une Seule Santé” qui soit réellement opérationnelle. Ainsi, cet article vise à faire une analyse comparative des initiatives « One Health » (OH) en Guinée et en RDC. Les résultats suggèrent qu'il existe un engagement fort de la part du gouvernement guinéen à signer un ordre conjoint de collaboration entre les trois départements clés, mais la coopération et la collaboration entre les différents secteurs et disciplines font défaut. En RDC, trois plateformes existent, mais leurs actions ne sont pas coordonnées, ce qui démontre les lacunes dans la vision globale que devrait avoir l’approche OH. Le défi majeur dans ces deux pays est d'adopter une approche holistique pour dépasser les structures et les paradigmes organisationnels et disciplinaires pour développer une véritable coopération entre tous les secteurs directement ou indirectement touchés par les maladies à potentiel épidémique.   Guinea and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) are two countries facing (re)emerging zoonotic diseases, which pose serious threats to public health and the economy. This reinforces the importance of emphasizing interdisciplinary approaches for the prevention, detection, and mitigation of infectious diseases to put in place adequate response systems. In recent years, efforts have been made in both countries for the design, implementation, and promotion of the “One Health” (OH) approach which offers solutions at the human-animal-animal-plant-ecosystems interface. However, in these countries, there is no operational OH systemic approach. Thus, this article aims to make a comparative analysis of the OH initiatives in Guinea and the DRC. Findings suggest there is a strong commitment on the part of the government of Guinea to sign a joint order of collaboration between the three key departments, but cooperation and collaboration between different sectors and disciplines is lacking. In the DRC, three platforms exist but are not coordinated, which shows gaps in the overall vision that OH should be in the country. The major challenge in these two countries is to adopt a holistic approach to go beyond organizational and disciplinary structures and paradigms to develop real coordination and cooperation between all the sectors directly or indirectly affected by diseases with epidemic potential

    Sex practices and awareness of Ebola virus disease among male survivors and their partners in Guinea.

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    INTRODUCTION: Towards the end of the 2013-2016 West African outbreak, sexually-transmitted Ebola virus re-emerged from Ebola virus disease (EVD) survivors in all three hardest hit countries. We explore sex practices and awareness of the risk of Ebola virus transmission among EVD survivors and their partners. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we recruited a convenience sample of study participants aged >15 years who were male EVD survivors, their sexual partners and a comparison group. We administered a questionnaire to all respondents, estimated self-reported sexual practices and risk awareness and conducted in-depth interviews. RESULTS: We recruited 234 EVD survivors, 256 sexual partners of survivors and 65 individuals in the comparison group from five prefectures in Guinea. The prevalence of safe sexual behaviour (regular condom use or sexual abstinence >12 months) and regular condom use in EVD survivors was 38% (95% CI 31% to 44%) and 21% (95% CI 16% to 27%), respectively. Among partners, these prevalences were lower (11%, 95% CI 7% to 15% and 9%, 95% CI 5% to 12%, respectively). EVD survivors were more than five times as likely to engage in safe sexual behaviour compared with the comparison group (aOR 5.59, 95% CI 2.36 to 13.2). One-hundred and thirty one EVD survivors (57%) and 94 partners (37%) were aware of the risk of Ebola virus re-emergence associated with having unsafe sex. Partners who reported not being informed by their husband/boyfriend (EVD survivor) were more likely to be unaware of this risk (aOR 20.5, 95% CI 8.92 to 47.4). CONCLUSIONS: We disclose here a need to improve knowledge of the disease and close the gap between knowledge and practice found in EVD survivors and their partners. Current and future survivors' follow-up programmes should include partners and be more effective at communicating sex-related risks. Community-level fears and attitudes that enable stigmatisation should be addressed. Safe sex interventions targeting EVD survivors and their partners should be prioritised

    Caractérisation Phytochimique et Activité Larvicide d’extraits Bruts de Plantes Issues de la Pharmacopée Traditionnelle du Niger sur les Larves d’Anopheles gambiae S.L.

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    In the preventive fight against malaria, natural products are considered better because they are biodegradable and therefore more respectful of the environment and the ecosystem. In the framework of the research of new insecticidal molecules, the present study concerns, the phytochemical screening and the evaluation of the larvicidal activity of the extracts (aqueous and methanolic) of 26 plants on the larvae of Anopheles gambiae sl. been carried out according to a WHO protocol (1985). The phytochemical profile of the plants was determined according to the standard methods of characterization (color reactions). High larvicidal activity against Anopheles gambiae larvae after 24 h and then 48 h exposure was observed. Crotalaria podocarpa, Momordica balsamina, Xeromphis nilotica and Senna occidentalis showed a 100% mortality rate after 24 hours of exposure. The larvicidal activity is much more important after 48 hours. A 100% mortality was observed with Senna occidentalis, Momordica balsamina, Ocimum basilicum, Citrus sinensis, Striga hermontheca, Xeromphis. nilotica, Crotalaria podocarpa, Diospyros mespiliformis, Cymbopogon citratus, Cleome viscosa and Combretum micrantum. Poor larvicidal activity was observed on the one hand with the methanolic extracts of Crotalaria podocarpa and Aloe vera and on the other with the aqueous extracts of Citrus sinensis, Ocimum basilicum and Aloe vera. Phytochemicalscreening revealed the presence of five major groups of compounds, including saponosides, terpenes sterols, flavonoids, tannins and alkaloids, which are also present in the aqueous and methanolic extracts of the various plant samples. These chemical groups could justify the traditional use of these plants.Dans la lutte préventive contre le paludisme, les produits naturels sont considérés comme meilleurs car biodégradables et donc plus respectueux de l’environnement et de le écosystème. Dans le cadre de la recherche des nouvelles molécules insecticides, la présente étude concerne, le screening phytochimique et l’évaluation de l’activité larvicide des extraits (aqueux et méthanoliques) de 26 plantes sur les larves d’Anophèles gambiae s.l. Les tests larvicides ont été réalisés selon un protocole de l’OMS(1985). Le profil phytochimique des plantes a été déterminé suivant les méthodes standards de caractérisation (réactions colorées). Une forte activité larvicide vis-à-vis des larves d’Anophèles gambiae après 24h puis 48h d’exposition a été observée. Crotalaria podocarpa, Momordica balsamina, Xeromphis nilotica et Senna occidentalis ont montré un taux de mortalité de 100% après 24h d’exposition. L’activité larvicide est beaucoup plus importante après 48h. Une mortalité de 100% a été observée avec Senna occidentalis, Momordica balsamina, Ocimum basilicum, Citrus sinensis, Striga hermontheca, Xeromphis. nilotica, Crotalaria podocarpa, Diospyros mespiliformis, Cymbopogon citratus, Cleome viscosa et Combretum micrantum. De faibles activités larvicides ont été constatées d’une part avec les extraits méthanoliques de Crotalaria podocarpa et Aloe vera et d’autre part avec les extraits aqueux de Citrus sinensis, Ocimum basilicum et Aloe vera. Le screening phytochimique a mis en évidence la présence de cinq (5) grands groupes de composés parmi lesquels les saponosides, les terpènes stérols, les flavonoïdes, les tanins et les alcaloïdes aussi bien présents dans les extraits aqueux et méthanoliques des différents échantillons des plantes. Ces groupes chimiques pourraient justifier l’utilisation traditionnelle de ces plantes

    Meningococcal carriage within households in the African meningitis belt: A longitudinal pilot study.

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    OBJECTIVES: Carriers of Neisseria meningitidis are a key source of transmission. In the African meningitis belt, where risk of meningococcal disease is highest, a greater understanding of meningococcal carriage dynamics is needed. METHODS: We randomly selected an age-stratified sample of 400 residents from 116 households in Bamako, Mali, and collected pharyngeal swabs in May 2010. A month later, we enrolled all 202 residents of 20 of these households (6 with known carriers) and collected swabs monthly for 6 months prior to MenAfriVac vaccine introduction and returned 10 months later to collect swabs monthly for 3 months. We used standard bacteriological methods to identify N. meningitidis carriers and fit hidden Markov models to assess acquisition and clearance overall and by sex and age. RESULTS: During the cross-sectional study 5.0% of individuals (20/400) were carriers. During the longitudinal study, 73 carriage events were identified from 1422 swabs analyzed, and 16.3% of individuals (33/202) were identified as carriers at least once. The majority of isolates were non-groupable; no serogroup A carriers were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the duration of carriage with any N. meningitidis averages 2.9 months and that males and children acquire and lose carriage more frequently in an urban setting in Mali. Our study informed the design of a larger study implemented in seven countries of the African meningitis belt

    Détermination du débit de filtration glomérulaire au cours de la drépanocytose au Sénégal: Schwartz, Cockcroft et Gault, MDRD, CKD-EPI ou JSCCS ?

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    La dĂ©termination du DĂ©bit de Filtration GlomĂ©rulaire (DFG) est importante chez les drĂ©panocytaires du fait qu’ils constituent un groupe de patients chez lesquels des atteintes rĂ©nales sont frĂ©quemment dĂ©crites notamment l’hyperfiltration glomĂ©rulaire. Dès lors, Ă  une Ă©poque oĂą les calculateurs en ligne proposent simultanĂ©ment diffĂ©rentes formules de dĂ©termination du DFG, il serait important d’évaluer au sein d’une population noire africaine drĂ©panocytaire l’équivalence entre ces formules qui ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©es et validĂ©es sur des populations caucasiennes et afro-amĂ©ricaines Ă  DFG normal ou diminuĂ©. Ainsi cette Ă©tude avait pour but d’évaluer l’interchangeabilitĂ© des diffĂ©rentes formules de dĂ©termination du DFG en les appliquant Ă  des drĂ©panocytaires. Des enfants et adultes sĂ©nĂ©galais drĂ©panocytaires homozygotes ont Ă©tĂ© alors recrutĂ©s et leur DFG calculĂ©. La frĂ©quence de l’hyperfiltration glomĂ©rulaire et celle de l’insuffisance rĂ©nale ont Ă©tĂ© calculĂ©es Ă  partir des rĂ©sultats obtenus avec les formules de Schwartz et du CKD-EPI. La concordance des diffĂ©rentes formules a Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©e avec la mĂ©thode Bland-Altman. Au total 56 adultes et 62 enfants ont Ă©tĂ© inclus dans l’étude. L’insuffisance rĂ©nale a Ă©tĂ© notĂ©e chez 1,78% des adultes et 9,68% des enfants ; l’hyperfiltration glomĂ©rulaire chez 66,10% des adultes et 25,8% des enfants. Par rapport aux formules de rĂ©fĂ©rence (CKD-EPI, Schwartz), tous les biais relevĂ©s Ă©taient significativement diffĂ©rents de zĂ©ro Ă  l’exception de celui de Cockcroftet Gault qui Ă©tait statistiquement nul. Les limites de concordance Ă©taient toutes inacceptablement larges par rapport aux limites attendues Ă  l’exception de celles du CKD-EPI sans ajustement sur la race. Ainsi, la formule de Schwartz n’était pas interchangeable avec celle du JSCCS chez les enfants, tout comme celle du CKD-EPI ne l’était pas non plus avec celles du JSCCS, de Cockcroft, du MDRD ou du CKD-EPI sans ajustement sur la race chez les adultes drĂ©panocytaires.   English title: Determination of glomerular filtration rate in sickle cell disease in Senegal: Schwartz, Cockcroft and Gault, MDRD, CKD-EPI or JSCCS? Determination of Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is important in patients living with sickle cell disease (SCD) because they constitute a group of patients where kidney dysfunction is frequently described, in particular glomerular hyperfiltration. Therefore, at a time when online calculators simultaneously propose different formulas to estimate GFR, it would be important to evaluate in a black African population living with SCD the equivalence between these formulas which have been developed and validated on Caucasian and African American populations with normal or decreased GFR. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate interchangeability of different GFR formulas in a group of patients living with SCD. Homozygous Senegalese sickle cell children and adults were then recruited and their GFR computed using Schwartz and JSCCS in children, Cockcroft and Gault, CKD-EPI with and without adjustment for ethnicity, MDRD and JSCCS formulas in adults. The frequency of glomerular hyperfiltration and renal failure was computed based on the results generated using Schwartz and CKD-EPI formulas. The agreement between formulas was assessed with BlandAltman method. A total of 56 adults and 62 children were included in this study. Renal failure was observed in 1.78% of adults and 9.68% of children; glomerular hyperfiltration in 66.10% of adults and 25.8% of children. Compared with reference formulas (CKD-EPI, Schwartz), all biases found were significantly different from zero except for Cockcroft and Gault formula bias, which was statistically zero. The limits of agreement were all unacceptably wide compared with the expected limits with the exception of CKD-EPI without adjustment for ethnicity. Thus, Schwartz formula would not be interchangeable with JSCCS formula in children, nor was the CKD-EPI formula interchangeable with the JSCCS, Cockcroft and Gault, MDRD or CKD-EPI without adjustment for ethnicity formulas in adults living with sickle cell anemia

    First Detection of Leishmania major DNA in Sergentomyia (Spelaeomyia) darlingi from Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Foci in Mali

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    Leishmania major complex is the main causative agent of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) in the Old World. Phlebotomus papatasi and Phlebotomus duboscqi are recognized vectors of L. major complex in Northern and Southern Sahara, respectively. In Mali, ZCL due to L. major is an emerging public health problem, with several cases reported from different parts of the country. The main objective of the present study was to identify the vectors of Leishmania major in the Bandiagara area, in Mali. Methodology/Principal Findings: An entomological survey was carried out in the ZCL foci of Bandiagara area. Sandflies were collected using CDC miniature light traps and sticky papers. In the field, live female Phlebotomine sandflies were identified and examined for the presence of promastigotes. The remaining sandflies were identified morphologically and tested for Leishmania by PCR in the ITS2 gene. The source of blood meal of the engorged females was determined using the cyt-b sequence. Out of the 3,259 collected sandflies, 1,324 were identified morphologically, and consisted of 20 species, of which four belonged to the genus Phlebotomus and 16 to the genus Sergentomyia. Leishmania major DNA was detected by PCR in 7 of the 446 females (1.6%), specifically 2 out of 115 Phlebotomus duboscqi specimens, and 5 from 198 Sergentomyia darlingi specimens. Human DNA was detected in one blood-fed female S. darlingi positive for L. major DNA. Conclusion: Our data suggest the possible involvement of P. duboscqi and potentially S. darlingi in the transmission of ZCL in Mali

    Lessons learned for surveillance system strengthening through capacity building and partnership engagement in post-Ebola Guinea, 2015–2019

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    The 2014–2016 Ebola outbreak in Guinea revealed systematic weaknesses in the existing disease surveillance system, which contributed to delayed detection, underreporting of cases, widespread transmission in Guinea and cross-border transmission to neighboring Sierra Leone and Liberia, leading to the largest Ebola epidemic ever recorded. Efforts to understand the epidemic's scale and distribution were hindered by problems with data completeness, accuracy, and reliability. In 2017, recognizing the importance and usefulness of surveillance data in making evidence-based decisions for the control of epidemic-prone diseases, the Guinean Ministry of Health (MoH) included surveillance strengthening as a priority activity in their post-Ebola transition plan and requested the support of partners to attain its objectives. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US CDC) and four of its implementing partners—International Medical Corps, the International Organization for Migration, RTI International, and the World Health Organization—worked in collaboration with the Government of Guinea to strengthen the country's surveillance capacity, in alignment with the Global Health Security Agenda and International Health Regulations 2005 objectives for surveillance and reporting. This paper describes the main surveillance activities supported by US CDC and its partners between 2015 and 2019 and provides information on the strategies used and the impact of activities. It also discusses lessons learned for building sustainable capacity and infrastructure for disease surveillance and reporting in similar resource-limited settings
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