213 research outputs found
The association between family and community social capital and health risk behaviours in young people: an integrative review
Background:
Health risk behaviours known to result in poorer outcomes in adulthood are generally established in late childhood and adolescence. These βriskyβ behaviours include smoking, alcohol and illicit drug use and sexual risk taking. While the role of social capital in the establishment of health risk behaviours in young people has been explored, to date, no attempt has been made to consolidate the evidence in the form of a review. Thus, this integrative review was undertaken to identify and synthesise research findings on the role and impact of family and community social capital on health risk behaviours in young people and provide a consolidated evidence base to inform multi-sectorial policy and practice.<p></p>
Methods:
Key electronic databases were searched (i.e. ASSIA, CINAHL, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Embase, Medline, PsycINFO, Sociological Abstracts) for relevant studies and this was complemented by hand searching. Inclusion/exclusion criteria were applied and data was extracted from the included studies. Heterogeneity in study design and the outcomes assessed precluded meta-analysis/meta-synthesis; the results are therefore presented in narrative form.<p></p>
Results:
Thirty-four papers satisfied the review inclusion criteria; most were cross-sectional surveys. The majority of the studies were conducted in North America (n=25), with three being conducted in the UK. Sample sizes ranged from 61 to 98,340. The synthesised evidence demonstrates that social capital is an important construct for understanding the establishment of health risk behaviours in young people. The different elements of family and community social capital varied in terms of their saliency within each behavioural domain, with positive parentβchild relations, parental monitoring, religiosity and school quality being particularly important in reducing risk.<p></p>
Conclusions:
This review is the first to systematically synthesise research findings about the association between social capital and health risk behaviours in young people. While providing evidence that may inform the development of interventions framed around social capital, the review also highlights key areas where further research is required to provide a fuller account of the nature and role of social capital in influencing the uptake of health risk behaviours.<p></p>
Π‘ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡ ΠΌΡΠΆΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡ
Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ·Ρ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡ ΠΌΡΠΆΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡ, ΡΡ
Π²Π·Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΡΠ° ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π· ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π·ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π³ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Ρ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·Π³Π»ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ²Π½Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΡΡ (ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΌΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π»ΡΠ½Π³Π²ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³Π½ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΈΠΉ) ΡΠ· Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡ
Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ².Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ, ΠΈΡ
Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π³ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ (ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ, Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ) Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ².The article is dedicated to the linguistic personality constituent components' analysis in terms of cross-cultural communication, their interaction and functioning with the speech influence pragmatic orientation taken into consideration. The three levels of the linguistic personality (that is, structural linguistic, lingo cognitive and motivation ones) are under analysis with the following their constituent components specificity determinatio
Hemodynamic Traveling Waves in Human Visual Cortex
Functional MRI (fMRI) experiments rely on precise characterization of the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal. As the spatial resolution of fMRI reaches the sub-millimeter range, the need for quantitative modelling of spatiotemporal properties of this hemodynamic signal has become pressing. Here, we find that a detailed physiologically-based model of spatiotemporal BOLD responses predicts traveling waves with velocities and spatial ranges in empirically observable ranges. Two measurable parameters, related to physiology, characterize these waves: wave velocity and damping rate. To test these predictions, high-resolution fMRI data are acquired from subjects viewing discrete visual stimuli. Predictions and experiment show strong agreement, in particular confirming BOLD waves propagating for at least 5β10 mm across the cortical surface at speeds of 2β12 mm s-1. These observations enable fundamentally new approaches to fMRI analysis, crucial for fMRI data acquired at high spatial resolution
Viruses in extreme environments
The original publication is available at www.springerlink.comInternational audienceThe tolerance limits of extremophiles in term of temperature, pH, salinity, desiccation, hydrostatic pressure, radiation, anaerobiosis far exceed what can support non-extremophilic organisms. Like all other organisms, extremophiles serve as hosts for viral replication. Many lines of evidence suggest that viruses could no more be regarded as simple infectious ββfragments of life'' but on the contrary as one of the major components of the biosphere. The exploration of niches with seemingly harsh life conditions as hypersaline and soda lakes, Sahara desert, polar environments or hot acid springs and deep sea hydrothermal vents, permitted to track successfully the presence of viruses. Substantial populations of double-stranded DNA virus that can reach 109 particles per milliliter were recorded. All these viral communities, with genome size ranging from 14 kb to 80 kb, seem to be genetically distinct, suggesting specific niche adaptation. Nevertheless, at this stage of the knowledge, very little is known of their origin, activity, or importance to the in situ microbial dynamics. The continuous attempts to isolate and to study viruses that thrive in extreme environments will be needed to address such questions. However, this topic appears to open a new window on an unexplored part of the viral world
The role of historical and contemporary processes on phylogeographic structure and genetic diversity in the Northern Cardinal, Cardinalis cardinalis
Background
Earth history events such as climate change are believed to have played a major role in shaping patterns of genetic structure and diversity in species. However, there is a lag between the time of historical events and the collection of present-day samples that are used to infer contemporary population structure. During this lag phase contemporary processes such as dispersal or non-random mating can erase or reinforce population differences generated by historical events. In this study we evaluate the role of both historical and contemporary processes on the phylogeography of a widespread North American songbird, the Northern Cardinal, Cardinalis cardinalis. Results
Phylogenetic analysis revealed deep mtDNA structure with six lineages across the species\u27 range. Ecological niche models supported the same geographic breaks revealed by the mtDNA. A paleoecological niche model for the Last Glacial Maximum indicated that cardinals underwent a dramatic range reduction in eastern North America, whereas their ranges were more stable in MΓ©xico. In eastern North America cardinals expanded out of glacial refugia, but we found no signature of decreased genetic diversity in areas colonized after the Last Glacial Maximum. Present-day demographic data suggested that population growth across the expansion cline is positively correlated with latitude. We propose that there was no loss of genetic diversity in areas colonized after the Last Glacial Maximum because recent high-levels of gene flow across the region have homogenized genetic diversity in eastern North America. Conclusion
We show that both deep historical events as well as demographic processes that occurred following these events are critical in shaping genetic pattern and diversity in C. cardinalis. The general implication of our results is that patterns of genetic diversity are best understood when information on species history, ecology, and demography are considered simultaneously
International Childrenβs Rights: Reflections on a Complex, Dynamic, and Relatively Young Area of Law
This chapter reflects on the aim of the International Childrenβs Rights volume to provide those wishing to study, research, and practice international childrenβs rights law with a contemporary and comprehensive legal text. It recaps on the themes that emerged from the process of commissioning and editing the various contributions from some of the worldβs leading and emerging legal scholars in the area of childrenβs rights. It marks the progress that has been made in the implementation of childrenβs rights law and the many challenges that still exist in the implementation of the CRC and associated international instruments. ItΒ notes that legal scholarship in the field of childrenβs rights is still developing and that, although multidisciplinary research and analysis is valuable, it is important to reaffirm childrenβs rights as a field of law and legal practice. International childrenβs rights is a complex, dynamic, and relatively young area of law. As the contributions to the collection show, it is diverse and evolving, with many new aspects and issues worthy of analysis and scrutiny. This chapter encapsulates the aspiration of the volume editors that the book contribute to the scrutiny of the legal implications of the CRC, recognizing the unique features of international childrenβs rights law, adding to the ongoing development of this important area of law.Effective Protection of Fundamental Rights in a pluralist worl
The role of historical and contemporary processes on phylogeographic structure and genetic diversity in the Northern Cardinal, Cardinalis cardinalis
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Earth history events such as climate change are believed to have played a major role in shaping patterns of genetic structure and diversity in species. However, there is a lag between the time of historical events and the collection of present-day samples that are used to infer contemporary population structure. During this lag phase contemporary processes such as dispersal or non-random mating can erase or reinforce population differences generated by historical events. In this study we evaluate the role of both historical and contemporary processes on the phylogeography of a widespread North American songbird, the Northern Cardinal, <it>Cardinalis cardinalis</it>.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Phylogenetic analysis revealed deep mtDNA structure with six lineages across the species' range. Ecological niche models supported the same geographic breaks revealed by the mtDNA. A paleoecological niche model for the Last Glacial Maximum indicated that cardinals underwent a dramatic range reduction in eastern North America, whereas their ranges were more stable in MΓ©xico. In eastern North America cardinals expanded out of glacial refugia, but we found no signature of decreased genetic diversity in areas colonized after the Last Glacial Maximum. Present-day demographic data suggested that population growth across the expansion cline is positively correlated with latitude. We propose that there was no loss of genetic diversity in areas colonized after the Last Glacial Maximum because recent high-levels of gene flow across the region have homogenized genetic diversity in eastern North America.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>We show that both deep historical events as well as demographic processes that occurred following these events are critical in shaping genetic pattern and diversity in <it>C. cardinalis</it>. The general implication of our results is that patterns of genetic diversity are best understood when information on species history, ecology, and demography are considered simultaneously.</p
A Neurophysiologically Plausible Population Code Model for Feature Integration Explains Visual Crowding
An object in the peripheral visual field is more difficult to recognize when surrounded by other objects. This phenomenon is called βcrowdingβ. Crowding places a fundamental constraint on human vision that limits performance on numerous tasks. It has been suggested that crowding results from spatial feature integration necessary for object recognition. However, in the absence of convincing models, this theory has remained controversial. Here, we present a quantitative and physiologically plausible model for spatial integration of orientation signals, based on the principles of population coding. Using simulations, we demonstrate that this model coherently accounts for fundamental properties of crowding, including critical spacing, βcompulsory averagingβ, and a foveal-peripheral anisotropy. Moreover, we show that the model predicts increased responses to correlated visual stimuli. Altogether, these results suggest that crowding has little immediate bearing on object recognition but is a by-product of a general, elementary integration mechanism in early vision aimed at improving signal quality
Global Distribution of Outbreaks of Water-Associated Infectious Diseases
Water is essential for maintaining life on Earth but can also serve as a media for many pathogenic organisms, causing a high disease burden globally. However, how the global distribution of water-associated infectious pathogens/diseases looks like and how such distribution is related to possible social and environmental factors remain largely unknown. In this study, we compiled a database on distribution, biology, and epidemiology of water-associated infectious diseases and collected data on population density, annual accumulated temperature, surface water areas, average annual precipitation, and per capita GDP at the global scale. From the database we extracted reported outbreak events from 1991 to 2008 and developed models to explore the association between the distribution of these outbreaks and social and environmental factors. A total of1,428 outbreaks had been reported and this number only reflected βthe tip of the icebergβ of the much bigger problem. We found that the outbreaks of water-associated infectious diseases are significantly correlated with social and environmental factors and that all regions are affected disproportionately by different categories of diseases. Relative risk maps are generated to show βhotspotsβ of risks for different diseases. Despite certain limitations, the findings may be instrumental for future studies and prioritizing health resources
Bunyaviridae RNA Polymerases (L-Protein) Have an N-Terminal, Influenza-Like Endonuclease Domain, Essential for Viral Cap-Dependent Transcription
Bunyaviruses are a large family of segmented RNA viruses which, like influenza virus, use a cap-snatching mechanism for transcription whereby short capped primers derived by endonucleolytic cleavage of host mRNAs are used by the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (L-protein) to transcribe viral mRNAs. It was recently shown that the cap-snatching endonuclease of influenza virus resides in a discrete N-terminal domain of the PA polymerase subunit. Here we structurally and functionally characterize a similar endonuclease in La Crosse orthobunyavirus (LACV) L-protein. We expressed N-terminal fragments of the LACV L-protein and found that residues 1-180 have metal binding and divalent cation dependent nuclease activity analogous to that of influenza virus endonuclease. The 2.2 Γ
resolution X-ray crystal structure of the domain confirms that LACV and influenza endonucleases have similar overall folds and identical two metal binding active sites. The in vitro activity of the LACV endonuclease could be abolished by point mutations in the active site or by binding 2,4-dioxo-4-phenylbutanoic acid (DPBA), a known influenza virus endonuclease inhibitor. A crystal structure with bound DPBA shows the inhibitor chelating two active site manganese ions. The essential role of this endonuclease in cap-dependent transcription was demonstrated by the loss of transcriptional activity in a RNP reconstitution system in cells upon making the same point mutations in the context of the full-length LACV L-protein. Using structure based sequence alignments we show that a similar endonuclease almost certainly exists at the N-terminus of L-proteins or PA polymerase subunits of essentially all known negative strand and cap-snatching segmented RNA viruses including arenaviruses (2 segments), bunyaviruses (3 segments), tenuiviruses (4β6 segments), and orthomyxoviruses (6β8 segments). This correspondence, together with the well-known mapping of the conserved polymerase motifs to the central regions of the L-protein and influenza PB1 subunit, suggests that L-proteins might be architecturally, and functionally equivalent to a concatemer of the three orthomyxovirus polymerase subunits in the order PA-PB1-PB2. Furthermore, our structure of a known influenza endonuclease inhibitor bound to LACV endonuclease suggests that compounds targeting a potentially broad spectrum of segmented RNA viruses, several of which are serious or emerging human, animal and plant pathogens, could be developed using structure-based optimisation
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