Pathways for nutrient loss to water with emphasis on phosphorus

Teagasc wishes to acknowledge the support of the Environmental Research Technological Development and Innovation (ERTDI) Programme under the Productive Sector Operational Programme which was financed by the Irish Government under the National Development Plan 2000-2006.End of project reportThe main objective of this project was to study phosphorus (P) loss from agricultural land under a range of conditions in Ireland, to quantify the main factors influencing losses and make recommendations on ways to reduce these losses. This report is a synthesis of the main conclusions and recommendations from the results of the studies. The final reports from the individual sub-projects in this project are available from the EPA (www.epa.ie).Environmental Protection Agenc

Plasticity in nest site choice behavior in response to hydric conditions in a reptile

Natural selection is expected to select for and maintain maternal behaviors associated with choosing a nest site that promotes successful hatching of offspring, especially in animals that do not exhibit parental care such as reptiles. In contrast to temperature effects, we know little about how soil moisture contributes to successful hatching and particularly how it shapes nest site choice behavior in nature. The recent revelation of exceptionally deep nesting in lizards under extreme dry conditions underscored the potential for the hydric environment in shaping the evolution of nest site choice. But if deep nesting is an adaptation to dry conditions, is there a plastic component such that mothers would excavate deeper nests in drier years? We tested this hypothesis by excavating communal warrens of a large, deep-nesting monitor lizard (Varanus panoptes), taking advantage of four wet seasons with contrasting rainfall amounts. We found 75 nests during two excavations, including 45 nests after a 4-year period with larger wet season rainfall and 30 nests after a 4-year period with smaller wet season rainfall. Mothers nested significantly deeper in years associated with drier nesting seasons, a finding best explained as a plastic response to soil moisture, because differences in both the mean and variance in soil temperatures between 1 and 4 m deep are negligible. Our data are novel for reptiles in demonstrating plasticity in maternal behavior in response to hydric conditions during the time of nesting. The absence of evidence for other ground-nesting reptile mothers adjusting nest depth in response to a hydric-depth gradient is likely due to the tradeoff between moisture and temperature with changing depth; most ground-nesting reptile eggs are deposited at depths of ~ 2–25 cm—nesting deeper within or outside of that range of depths to achieve higher soil moisture would also generally create cooler conditions for embryos that need adequate heat for successful development. In contrast, extreme deep nesting in V. panoptes allowed us to disentangle temperature and moisture. Broadly, our data suggest that ground-nesting reptiles can assess soil moisture and respond by adjusting the depth of the nest, but may not, due to the cooling effect of nesting deeper. Our results, within the context of previous work, provide a more complete picture of how mothers can promote hatching success through adjustments in nest site choice behavior

Clinical supervision: A panacea for missed care

© 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd Aim: Clinical supervision is proposed as a solution-focused approach that supports nurses in busy health care environments, helping address the mounting incidents of missed care. Background: The pervasive nature of missed nursing care is concerning. The growing body of evidence on missed care predominantly focuses on types and causes. However, the effectiveness of solution-focused interventions used to reduce incidents of missed care has received less attention. Methods: Drawing on the literature, it is proposed that clinical supervision supports personal and professional development, positive working environments and quality patient care outcomes, and therefore reduces missed care incidents. Results: Clinical supervision fosters a supportive working environment where opportunities to critically reflect on caring values are provided, commitment to improving standards of care is nurtured, and courage to challenge care standards is encouraged. Conclusion: In an era of reports highlighting declining standards of nursing care and a wealth of evidence highlighting the benefits of clinical supervision, it remains underused in many areas of nursing. Implications for Nursing Management: Nurse managers need to recognize the value of clinical supervision in improving standards of nursing care and assume leadership in its successful implementation

TLR-mediated activation of Waldenström macroglobulinemia B cells reveals an uncoupling from plasma cell differentiation

Waldenstr¨om macroglobulinemia (WM) is a rare malignancy in which clonal B cells infiltrate the bone marrow and give rise to a smaller compartment of neoplastic plasma cells that secrete monoclonal immunoglobulin M paraprotein. Recent studies into underlying mutations in WM have enabled a much greater insight into the pathogenesis of this lymphoma. However, there is considerably less characterization of the way in which WM B cells differentiate and how they respond to immune stimuli. In this study, we assess WM B-cell differentiation using an established in vitro model system. Using T-cell–dependent conditions, we obtained CD1381 plasma cells from WM samples with a frequency similar to experiments performed with B cells from normal donors. Unexpectedly, a proportion of the WM B cells failed to upregulate CD38, a surface marker that is normally associated with plasmablast transition and maintained as the cells proceed with differentiation. In normal B cells, concomitant Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) activation and B-cell receptor cross-linking drives proliferation, followed by differentiation at similar efficiency to CD40-mediated stimulation. In contrast, we found that, upon stimulation with TLR7 agonist R848, WM B cells failed to execute the appropriate changes in transcriptional regulators, identifying an uncoupling of TLR signaling from the plasma cell differentiation program. Provision of CD40L was sufficient to overcome this defect. Thus, the limited clonotypic WM plasma cell differentiation observed in vivo may result from a strict requirement for integrated activation

Are agri‐environment schemes successful in delivering conservation grazing management on saltmarsh?

1.Grasslands occur around the globe and, in temperate regions, their natural management by fire, drought and wild herbivores has largely been replaced by grazing with domestic livestock. Successful management for agriculture is not always suitable for conservation and can have a detrimental effect on biodiversity. Conservation grazing of saltmarshes, delivered through agri‐environment schemes, may provide a solution to counteract biodiversity loss by providing farmers with financial incentives to graze these internationally important coastal wetlands more sensitively. 2.To assess whether conservation grazing is being achieved, and whether agri‐environment schemes are effective in delivering this management, we conducted a national survey on English saltmarshes, scoring the management on each site as optimal, suboptimal or detrimental in terms of suitability for achieving conservation aims for five aspects of grazing: presence, stock type, intensity, timing and habitat impact. 3.Although most saltmarshes suitable for grazing in England were grazed, conservation grazing was not being achieved. Sites under agri‐environment management for longer did score higher and approached optimal levels in terms of grazing intensity in one region, but sites with agri‐environment agreements were no more likely to be grazed at optimal conservation levels than sites without them overall, indicating that agri‐environment schemes, in their current form, are an ineffective delivery mechanism for conservation grazing on saltmarsh. 4.The low specificity of agri‐environment prescription wording may contribute to this failure, with prescriptions either being vague or specifying suboptimal or detrimental management objectives, particularly for grazing intensity, timing and stock type. These objectives are often set too high or too low, during unsuitable periods, or using stock types inappropriate for achieving conservation aims. 5.Synthesis and applications. Our national survey indicates that agri‐environment schemes are not currently delivering conservation grazing on English saltmarshes. Agri‐environment schemes are the only mechanism through which such grazing can be implemented on a national scale, so improving their effectiveness is a priority. Policymakers, researchers and managers need to work together to ensure better translation of conservation guidelines into schemes, increasing the specificity of management prescriptions and improving understanding of the need for management measures. A more detailed and reliable system of auditing to ensure that management activities are taking place would be beneficial, or alternatively moving to a results‐based scheme where payments are made on desirable outcomes rather than on evidence of management

Blood spots as an alternative to whole blood collection and the effect of a small monetary incentive to increase participation in genetic association studies

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Collection of buccal cells from saliva for DNA extraction offers a less invasive and convenient alternative to venipuncture blood collection that may increase participation in genetic epidemiologic studies. However, dried blood spot collection, which is also a convenient method, offers a means of collecting peripheral blood samples from which analytes in addition to DNA can be obtained.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>To determine if offering blood spot collection would increase participation in genetic epidemiologic studies, we conducted a study of collecting dried blood spot cards by mail from a sample of female cancer cases (n = 134) and controls (n = 256) who were previously selected for a breast cancer genetics study and declined to provide a venipuncture blood sample. Participants were also randomized to receive either a $2.00 bill or no incentive with the blood spot collection kits.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The average time between the venipuncture sample refusal and recruitment for the blood spot collection was 4.4 years. Thirty-seven percent of cases and 28$2.00 incentive vs. 26% for no incentive, p = 0.6), it was significantly associated with participation among the breast cancer cases (48% vs. 27%, respectively, p = 0.01). There did not appear to be any bias in response since no differences between cases and controls and incentive groups were observed when examining several demographic, work history and radiation exposure variables.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>This study demonstrates that collection of dried blood spot cards in addition to venipuncture blood samples may be a feasible method to increase participation in genetic case-control studies.</p

Geophysical surveys of the East Kirkton Limestone, Visean, West Lothian, Scotland

ABSTRACT: Magnetic and resistivity geophysical surveys conducted across the only known exposure of the East Kirkton Limestone have produced new information upon its extent. This is important to determine because of its unique faunal assemblage and possible hot spring deposition, suggesting a potential for precious metal mineralisation. Magnetic anomalies are attributed to basalts within the Bathgate Hills Volcanic Formation. Modelling of the magnetic data demonstrates a general dip to the west of about 25°, and the presence of significant local faulting. Modelling of vertical electrical sounding data shows the East Kirkton sequence (the limestone and associated beds) to be a low resistivity layer within the more highly resistive volcanic sequence. The East Kirkton sequence is seen to deepen to the west, and also to the north probably by faulting. Therefore the present exposure is the only near surface occurrence of the East Kirkton Limestone locally, but within the area of the survey no lateral limits to the formation are observed. KEY WORDS: Geophysics, hot springs, magnetic surveys, mineralisation, resistivity surveys, Lower Carboniferous. The East Kirkton quarry at Bathgate Bedding planes seen at outcrop dip at 15-25° to the W. Various hypotheses exist regarding the extent of the East Kirkton Limestone beyond the quarry: (1) it continues N beneath a thin glacial cover as shown on the one-inch geological map (Scotland Sheet 31); (2) subcrop to the N is limited due to faulting at the N end of the known exposure (Stephenson &amp; Monro 1986); or (3) the sequence was deposited in an isolated lagoon forming only a small lens of sediment (Geikie 1861). Magnetic and resistivity surveys were undertaken to determine the structure and extent of the EKS in the vicinity of the quarry. Exploration was undertaken mostly W (down dip) and to the N. Housing development prevented work to the S. The results are of use in future prospecting of the East Kirkton Limestone for precious metal mineralisation Geophysical approach Our aim was to determine the subsurface structure of the EKS using the East Kirkton quarry as a reference point. Given the presence of basaltic lavas and clastic volcanics above and below the sedimentary sequence, it was anticipated that there would be a strong contrast of magnetic and electrical resistivity properties between the EKS and volcanics. Borehole information was made available by the National Museums of Scotland, permitting calibration of the geophysical results but only to rather limited depths (typically 10 m, maximum 33 m). Magnetometer survey The total magnetic field intensity was measured along 12 E-W traverses across the quarry and its projected continuation along strike to the N. The contoured results are plotted in Magnetic susceptibility measurements of bore hole samples Using these values, a model profile across the East Kirkton quarry was determined using the GRA VMAG computer program. The model was constructed along line Z, a dip line crossing the anomaly immediately W of the quarry The one-inch geological map shows the EKS to be underlain by basalts Resistivity survey Four electrical resistivity vertical soundings were conducted using expanding Wenner arrays (VES1-VES3 of At East Kirkton we attribute generally low, but highly variable, resistivities modelled at surface to soils and/or boulder clay. At depth the main resistivity contrast was expected to be between the highly resistive volcanics of the Bathgate Hills Volcanic Formation and the low resistivity of the mixed sedimentary EKS. Resistivities of much less than 100 ohm-m modelled at depth can be correlated with the EKS. High resistivities (480 ohm-m) above the EKS on VES1 and VES2 are correlated with the lower of two basalts of the magnetic model. High resistivities (typically over 400 ohm-m) beneath the EKS are consistent with the presence of volcanic rocks. The following points arise from the resistivity results: (1) Comparison of VES1 and VES2 confirms the significant westward deepening of the EKS shown by.the magnetic interpretation. (2) VES1, VES3 and VES4 are located broadly along strike from each other, but show the sub-EKS volcanics to deepen northwards. This was confirmed by the constant separation traverse. Thus the EKS may thicken. The resolution of the resistivity data does not permit us to distinguish between a northward deepening due to folding or faulting