1,169 research outputs found
The Pairwise Peculiar Velocity Dispersion of Galaxies: Effects of the Infall
We study the reliability of the reconstruction method which uses a modelling
of the redshift distortions of the two-point correlation function to estimate
the pairwise peculiar velocity dispersion of galaxies. In particular, the
dependence of this quantity on different models for the infall velocity is
examined for the Las Campanas Redshift Survey. We make extensive use of
numerical simulations and of mock catalogs derived from them to discuss the
effect of a self-similar infall model, of zero infall, and of the real infall
taken from the simulation. The implications for two recent discrepant
determinations of the pairwise velocity dispersion for this survey are
discussed.Comment: minor changes in the discussion; accepted for publication in ApJ; 8
pages with 2 figures include
Development of a Detailed Surface Chemistry Framework in DSMC
Many of the current direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) codes still employ only simple surface catalysis models. These include only basic mechanisms such as dissociation, recombination, and exchange reactions, without any provision for adsorption and finite rate kinetics. Incorporating finite rate chemistry at the surface is increasingly becoming a necessity for various applications such as high speed re-entry flows over thermal protection systems (TPS), micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), surface catalysis, etc. In the recent years, relatively few works have examined finite-rate surface reaction modeling using the DSMC method.In this work, a generalized finite-rate surface chemistry framework incorporating a comprehensive list of reaction mechanisms is developed and implemented into the DSMC solver SPARTA. The various mechanisms include adsorption, desorption, Langmuir-Hinshelwood (LH), Eley-Rideal (ER), Collision Induced (CI), condensation, sublimation, etc. The approach is to stochastically model the various competing reactions occurring on a set of active sites. Both gas-surface (e.g., ER, CI) and pure-surface (e.g., LH, desorption) reaction mechanisms are incorporated. The reaction mechanisms could also be catalytic or surface altering based on the participation of the bulk-phase species (e.g., bulk carbon atoms). Marschall and MacLean developed a general formulation in which multiple phases and surface sites are used and we adopt a similar convention in the current work. Microscopic parameters of reaction probabilities (for gas-surface reactions) and frequencies (for pure-surface reactions) that are require for DSMC are computed from the surface properties and macroscopic parameters such as rate constants, sticking coefficients, etc. The energy and angular distributions of the products are decided based on the reaction type and input parameters. Thus, the user has the capability to model various surface reactions via user-specified reaction rate constants, surface properties and parameters
Bestimmung von Digoxin im Serum Vergleich von Radioimmunassay und heterogenem Enzymimmunassay
Peer Reviewe
The Simultaneous Evolution of Author and Paper Networks
There has been a long history of research into the structure and evolution of
mankind's scientific endeavor. However, recent progress in applying the tools
of science to understand science itself has been unprecedented because only
recently has there been access to high-volume and high-quality data sets of
scientific output (e.g., publications, patents, grants), as well as computers
and algorithms capable of handling this enormous stream of data. This paper
reviews major work on models that aim to capture and recreate the structure and
dynamics of scientific evolution. We then introduce a general process model
that simultaneously grows co-author and paper-citation networks. The
statistical and dynamic properties of the networks generated by this model are
validated against a 20-year data set of articles published in the Proceedings
of the National Academy of Science. Systematic deviations from a power law
distribution of citations to papers are well fit by a model that incorporates a
partitioning of authors and papers into topics, a bias for authors to cite
recent papers, and a tendency for authors to cite papers cited by papers that
they have read. In this TARL model (for Topics, Aging, and Recursive Linking),
the number of topics is linearly related to the clustering coefficient of the
simulated paper citation network.Comment: 14 pages, 6 figures, 2 table
Molecular Maps in Cereals: Methodology and Progress
Cereals provide for our major food crops, and therefore have been a subject
of detailed genetic and cytogenetic studies during major part of the last
century. These studies led to the preparation of linkage maps, which were
also assigned to individual chromosomes, thus leading to the construction of
chromosome maps in all major cereals. In some cases, the availability of
cytogenetic stocks (e.g. deletion stocks in bread wheat) also allowed
construction of physical maps. In the past, a major limitation in the
construction of genetic maps has been the non-availability of mutants for
majority of individual genes, so that only handful of genes could be mapped.
However, during 1980s, the availability of molecular markers and the high
level of DNA polymorphism, which they detect, led to renewed emphasis on
genetic and physica.......
Scaling properties of the redshift power spectrum: theoretical models
We report the results of an analysis of the redshift power spectrum
in three typical Cold Dark Matter (CDM) cosmological models, where
is the cosine of the angle between the wave vector and the line-of-sight.
Two distinct biased tracers derived from the primordial density peaks of
Bardeen et al. and the cluster-underweight model of Jing, Mo, & B\"orner are
considered in addition to the pure dark matter models. Based on a large set of
high resolution simulations, we have measured the redshift power spectrum for
the three tracers from the linear to the nonlinear regime. We investigate the
validity of the relation - guessed from linear theory - in the nonlinear regime
where
is the real space power spectrum, and equals . The
damping function which should generally depend on , , and
, is found to be a function of only one variable
. This scaling behavior extends into the nonlinear regime,
while can be accurately expressed as a Lorentz function - well known from
linear theory - for values . The difference between
and the pairwise velocity dispersion defined by the 3-D peculiar velocity of
the simulations (taking ) is about 15%. Therefore is a
good indicator of the pairwise velocity dispersion. The exact functional form
of depends on the cosmological model and on the bias scheme. We have given
an accurate fitting formula for the functional form of for the models
studied.Comment: accepted for publication in ApJ;24 pages with 7 figures include
Spatial correlation functions and the pairwise peculiar velocity dispersion of galaxies in the PSCz survey: implications for the galaxy biasing in cold dark matter models
We report on the measurement of the two-point correlation function, and the
pairwise peculiar velocity of galaxies in the IRAS PSCz survey. We compute
these statistics first in redshift space, and then obtain the projected
functions which have simple relations to the real-space correlation functions
on the basis of the method developed earlier in analyzing the Las Campanas
Redshift Survey (LCRS) by Jing, Mo, & B\"orner (1998). We find that the real
space two-point correlation function can be fitted to a power law with and r_0=3.70 \mpc. The pairwise peculiar
velocity dispersion is close to 400 \kms at r_p=3\mpc
and decreases to about 150 \kms at r_p \approx 0.2 \mpc. These values are
significantly lower than those obtained from the LCRS. In order to understand
the implications of those measurements on the galaxy biasing, we construct mock
samples for a low density spatially-flat cold dark matter model (, , , ) using a set of
high-resolution N-body simulations. Applying a stronger cluster-underweight
biasing () than for the LCRS (), we are
able to reproduce these observational data, except for the strong decrease of
the pairwise peculiar velocity at small separations. This is qualitatively
ascribed to the different morphological mixture of galaxies in the two
catalogues. Disk-dominated galaxy samples drawn from the theoretically
constructed GIF catalog yield results rather similar to our mock samples with
the simple cluster-underweight biasing.Comment: accepted for publication in ApJ; 24 pages with 9 figure
Geography of genetic structure in barley wild relative Hordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneum in Jordan
Informed collecting, conservation, monitoring and utilization of genetic diversity requires knowledge of the distribution and structure of the variation occurring in a species. Hordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneum (K. Koch) Thell., a primary wild relative of barley, is an important source of genetic diversity for barley improvement and co-occurs with the domesticate within the center of origin. We studied the current distribution of genetic diversity and population structure in H. vulgare subsp. spontaneum in Jordan and investigated whether it is correlated with either spatial or climatic variation inferred from publically available climate layers commonly used in conservation and ecogeographical studies. The genetic structure of 32 populations collected in 2012 was analyzed with 37 SSRs. Three distinct genetic clusters were identified. Populations were characterized by admixture and high allelic richness, and genetic diversity was concentrated in the northern part of the study area. Genetic structure, spatial location and climate were not correlated. This may point out a limitation in using large scale climatic data layers to predict genetic diversity, especially as it is applied to regional genetic resources collections in H. vulgare subsp. spontaneum
Adjuvant therapy after excision and radiation of isolated postmastectomy locoregional breast cancer recurrence: definitive results of a phase III randomized trial (SAKK 23/82) comparing tamoxifen with observation
Background: Adjuvant systemic treatment for patients with isolated locoregional recurrence (ILRR) of breast cancer is based on a single reported randomized trial. The trial, conducted by the Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research, compared tamoxifen (TAM) with observation after complete excision of the ILRR and proper radiotherapy. We performed a definitive analysis of treatment outcome at >11 years of follow-up, after the majority of the patients had a subsequent event of interest. Patient and methods One hundred and sixty-seven patients with âgood-risk' characteristics of disease were randomized. âGood-risk' was defined as estrogen receptor expression in the ILRR, or having a disease-free interval of >12 months and a recurrence consisting of three or less tumor nodules, each â€3 cm in diameter. Seventy-nine percent of the patients were postmenopausal at randomization. Results: The median follow-up time of the surviving patients was 11.6 years. The median post ILRR disease-free survival (DFS) was 6.5 years with TAM and 2.7 years with observation (P = 0.053). The difference was mainly due to reduction of further local relapses (P = 0.011). In postmenopausal patients, TAM led to an increase of DFS from 33% to 61% (P = 0.006). In premenopausal women, 5-year DFS was 60%, independent of TAM medication. For the whole study population, the median post-recurrence overall survival (OS) was 11.2 and 11.5 years in the observation and the TAM group, respectively; premenopausal patients experienced a 5-year OS of 90% for observation compared with 67% for TAM (P = 0.175), while the respective figures for postmenopausal patients were both 75%. Conclusions: These definitive results confirmed that TAM significantly improves the post-recurrence DFS of patients after local treatment for ILRR. This beneficial effect does not translate into a detectable OS advantag
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