Effect of Level of Barley in Finishing Diets of Swine Performance and Carcass Characteristics

Barley continues to be a feed ingredient available to swine producers in South Dakota, that can be used as a substitute for corn. In experiments reported in the 1984 South Dakota Swine Day Proceedings we reported that pigs fed barley diets gained slower during the grower period (60 to 125 lbs) but not during the finisher period (125 to 220 lb). This experiment was designed to evaluate various levels of barley, 0 to 100% of the grain, in diets fed to pigs from an average of 80 to 220 lb market weight

Comparison of Required Energy Intake of Gilts and Sows to Obtain Recommended Gestation Gains

Three trials utilizing 104 crossbred sows and gilts were conducted to evaluate energy needs to provide_ predetermined gestation gains for gilts and sows. In trial l» gilts required similar energy levels (6918 kcal ME) to gain .9 lb/day as bred sows required (7008 kcal ME) to gain .5 lb/day during gestation. Open sows and gilts consumed much more energy but were unable to gain at the predetermined levels. In trial 2, 8 month old gilts required more energy than mature sows (5898 vs 5028 kcal ME) and 11 month old gilts consumed more than either other group to gain at an intermediate level. In trial 3, a daily difference in energy consumption of approximately 800 kcal of ME existed between gilts and sows fed to predetermined gestation gains. If the results of the last two trials are averaged, a difference in energy consumption of 840 kcal of ME/day is found between gilts fed to gain .9 lb/day and sows fed to gain .5 lb/day. This difference is approximately .6 lb of additional gestation feed needed per day for the bred gilt if gestation gain is used as a criteria of evaluation

Influence of Gestation Energy on Large White x Landrace Sow Productivity

Production remains extremely important in our swine industry today. In the past 5-10 years, there has been an increase in the usage of white breeds in swine herds. The white or mother breeds are noted for their increased productivity; however, a question has stirred as to the feeding regime of these productive females. This question is important as feed costs are the major portion of operating expenses for the hog producers. Little controlled research has been conducted in the United States to establish the caloric intake requirement of the white sows during gestation. The National Research Council (NRC, 1979) lists the energy requirement of the bred sow and gilt as 6.1 Meal of. digestible energy (DE) or 5.8 Meal of metabolizable energy (ME) daily. This recommendation is largely based on research with traditional 3-way crossbred sows. Great Britain swine researchers in the 1960\u27s and United States researchers Frobish and workers (1966) were the last to evaluate the effect of gestation energy on strictly white sows. To help answer the current concerns of white sow nutrition, this research project was designed to study the influence of gestation energy on Large White x Landrace sow productivity

Comparison of Sow and Gilt Performance as Affected by Gestation Energy Intake

Gestation energy needs of sows include maintenance as well as tissue growth associated with pregnancy and fetal development. Gilts have the additional demands of body tissue growth but less maintenance needs because of smaller body size. Differences in total daily energy needs between sows and gilts have not been resolved. Results of three trials conducted to compare energy needs for specific gestation gains for sows and gilts were reported last year (Swine 84-10). These results suggested the need for approximately 870 Kcal of additional metabolizable energy (ME) (.6 lb of feed) for gilts with the desired gains of .5 lb/day for sows and .9 lb/day for gilts. The trial reported herein was designed to evaluate comparative performance of sows and gilts fed a wide range of ME levels

Laser-driven plasma waves in capillary tubes

The excitation of plasma waves over a length of up to 8 centimeters is, for the first time, demon- strated using laser guiding of intense laser pulses through hydrogen filled glass capillary tubes. The plasma waves are diagnosed by spectral analysis of the transmitted laser radiation. The dependence of the spectral redshift, measured as a function of filling pressure, capillary tube length and incident laser energy, is in excellent agreement with simulation results. The longitudinal accelerating field inferred from the simulations is in the range 1 -10 GV/m

A Hidden Markov Model for Seismocardiography

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) via the DOI in this record.We propose a hidden Markov model approach for processing seismocardiograms. The seismocardiogram morphology is learned using the expectation-maximization algorithm, and the state of the heart at a given time instant is estimated by the Viterbi algorithm. From the obtained Viterbi sequence, it is then straightforward to estimate instantaneous heart rate, heart rate variability measures, and cardiac time intervals (the latter requiring a small number of manual annotations). As is shown in the conducted experimental study, the presented algorithm outperforms the state-of-the-art in seismocardiogram-based heart rate and heart rate variability estimation. Moreover, the isovolumic contraction time and the left ventricular ejection time are estimated with mean absolute errors of about 5 [ms] and 9 [ms], respectively. The proposed algorithm can be applied to any set of inertial sensors; does not require access to any additional sensor modalities; does not make any assumptions on the seismocardiogram morphology; and explicitly models sensor noise and beat-to-beat variations (both in amplitude and temporal scaling) in the seismocardiogram morphology. As such, it is well suited for low-cost implementations using off-the-shelf inertial sensors and targeting, e.g., at-home medical services

Potential infection of grazing cattle via contaminated water: a theoretical modelling approach

Wastewater discharge and agricultural activities may pose microbial risks to natural water sources. The impact of different sources can be assessed by water quality modelling. The aim of this study was to use hydrological and hydrodynamic models to illustrate the risk of exposing grazing animals to faecal pollutants in natural water sources, using three zoonotic faecal pathogens as model microbes and fictitious pastures in Sweden as examples. Microbial contamination by manure from fertilisation and grazing was modelled by use of a hydrological model (HYPE) and a hydrodynamic model (MIKE 3 FM), and microbial contamination from human wastewater was modelled by application of both models in a backwards process. The faecal pathogens Salmonella spp., verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 (VTEC) and Cryptosporidium parvum were chosen as model organisms. The pathogen loads on arable land and pastures were estimated based on pathogen concentration in cattle faeces, herd prevalence and within-herd prevalence. Contamination from human wastewater discharge was simulated by estimating the number of pathogens required from a fictitious wastewater discharge to reach a concentration high enough to cause infection in cattle using the points on the fictitious pastures as their primary source of drinking water. In the scenarios for pathogens from animal sources, none of the simulated concentrations of salmonella exceeded the concentrations needed to infect adult cattle. For VTEC, most of the simulated concentrations exceeded the concentration needed to infect calves. For C. parvum, all the simulated concentrations exceeded the concentration needed to infect calves. The pathogen loads needed at the release points for human wastewater to achieve infectious doses for cattle were mostly above the potential loads of salmonella and VTEC estimated to be present in a 24-h overflow from a medium-size Swedish wastewater treatment plant, while the required pathogen loads of C. parvum at the release points were below the potential loads of C. parvum in a 24-h wastewater overflow. Most estimates in this study assume a worst-case scenario. Controlling zoonotic infections at herd level prevents environmental contamination and subsequent human exposure. The potential for infection of grazing animals with faecal pathogens has implications for keeping animals on pastures with access to natural water sources. As the infectious dose for most pathogens is more easily reached for calves than for adult animals, and young calves are also the main shedders of C. parvum, keeping young calves on pastures adjacent to natural water sources is best avoided

Sustainability of cellulose dissolution and regeneration in 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-enium acetate : a batch simulation of the IONCELL-F process

The recyclability of 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0] non-5-enium acetate ([DBNH][OAc]), as a direct dissolution solvent for cellulose, was evaluated during laboratory scale recycling trials. The main objective was to simulate the conditions of a spinning bath from a Lyocell-type air-gap spinning process, called the IONCELL-F process. The saline solution was then concentrated, recycled and reused as many times as possible before cellulose dissolution was no longer possible. The chemical compositions of the ionic liquid and pulp were recorded throughout the experiments. The results of the experiments showed that [DBNH][OAc] can be recycled from aqueous media with an average recovery rate of 95.6 wt% using basic laboratory equipment, without any further process intensification or optimisation. The recycling of the ionic liquid did not change the chemical composition or degree of polymerisation of the recovered pulp but the colour of the regenerated pulps gradually darkened as the recycling times increased. The ionic liquid was found to hydrolyse 6.0-13.6 mol% per cycle, under these conditions. The build-up of the hydrolysis product, 3-( aminopropyl)-2-pyrrolidonium acetate, killed the dissolution feature at between 30.6-45.6 wt% hydrolysis product. The enzymatic digestibility of the regenerated pulp samples was studied with both a monocomponent endoglucanase and a cellulase mixture. The amount of residual [DBNH][OAc] in the regenerated pulps was determined, by both NMR and capillary electrophoresis. Although hydrolysis of the ionic liquid occurs, this study clearly shows potential for industrial application, with appropriate process equipment and recycling conditions.Peer reviewe

Altered expression of T cell Immunoglobulin-Mucin (TIM) molecules in bronchoalveolar lavage CD4+ T cells in sarcoidosis

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