Influence of information asymmetry on bank’s activities. The threat of banking risks and transaction costs

The article considers the phenomenon of information asymmetry in the banking business. Availability determines the existence of information asymmetry and increase in bank risk. The impact of asymmetric information on the lender and the borrower is defined. A number of problems associated with the presence of information asymmetry is reviewed. The problem of transaction costs and increasing credit risk in the bank is as a result of the negative impact of information asymmetry

Influence of information asymmetry on bank’s activities. The threat of banking risks and transaction costs

The article considers the phenomenon of information asymmetry in the banking business. Availability determines the existence of information asymmetry and increase in bank risk. The impact of asymmetric information on the lender and the borrower is defined. A number of problems associated with the presence of information asymmetry is reviewed. The problem of transaction costs and increasing credit risk in the bank is as a result of the negative impact of information asymmetry

Multicomponent analysis of T1 relaxation in bovine articular cartilage at low magnetic fields

European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme; Grant/Award number 668119 (project “IDentIFY”).Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Transesterification of PHA to Oligomers Covalently Bonded with (Bio)Active Compounds Containing Either Carboxyl or Hydroxyl Functionalities

© 2015 The Authors. Published by Public Library of Science. This is an open access article available under a Creative Commons licence. The published version can be accessed at the following link on the publisher’s website: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0120149This manuscript presents the synthesis and structural characterisation of novel biodegradable polymeric controlled-release systems of pesticides with potentially higher resistance to weather conditions in comparison to conventional forms of pesticides. Two methods for the preparation of pesticide-oligomer conjugates using the transesterification reaction were developed. The first method of obtaining conjugates, which consist of bioactive compounds with the carboxyl group and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) oligomers, is "one-pot" transesterification. In the second method, conjugates of bioactive compounds with hydroxyl group and polyhydroxyalkanoates oligomers were obtained in two-step method, through cyclic poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) oligomers. The obtained pesticide-PHA conjugates were comprehensively characterised using GPC, 1H NMR and mass spectrometry techniques. The structural characterisation of the obtained products at the molecular level with the aid of mass spectrometry confirmed that both of the synthetic strategies employed led to the formation of conjugates in which selected pesticides were covalently bonded to PHA oligomers via a hydrolysable ester bond

Интернализация рекомбинантной имиглюцеразы в перитонеальные макрофаги мыши и фибробласты мыши линии L929

Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is one of the most efficient treatments for lysosomal storage diseases. Type 1 Gaucher disease is caused by β-glucocerebrosidase enzyme deficiency, which may be compensated for by intravenous infusions of imiglucerase—a recombinant enzyme. Imiglucerase targets macrophages and enters these cells via interaction with mannose receptors on the cell membrane. Characterisation of internalization of enzymes by target cells is important in the context of the development of new medicines and production of existing ERT medicines. The peritoneal and alveolar macrophages, as well as macrophages of the spleen of small laboratory animals (rats and mice) are widely used in such studies. However, isolation of cells from animal sources raises ethical issues, and therefore continuous mammalian cell lines may offer an attractive alternative. The aim of the study: to conduct comparative studies on the internalization of recombinant imiglucerase into mouse peritoneal macrophages and L929 mouse fibroblasts. Materials and methods: CerezymeR batches 7HV0913, C6214H05, 7HV0888 (Genzyme Ltd., UK); Glurazim batches 020416, 011117, 021117 (LLC “IBC “Generium”, Russia). We used peritoneal macrophages obtained from BALB/c mice and L929 mouse fibroblasts. The cells were cultured in DMEM/F12 complete growth medium with 10% fetal bovine serum. The activity of imiglucerase internalized into the cells was evaluated spectrophotometrically by hydrolysis of the artificial substrate—4-methylumbelliferyl-β-Dglucopyranoside. Results: the study compared internalization of recombinant imiglucerase (the active ingredient of CerezymeR and Glurazim) by mouse peritoneal macrophages and L929 mouse fibroblasts. It was demonstrated that the medicines activity in the lysates of peritoneal macrophages is comparable with that in the lysates of L929 mouse fibroblasts. Regardless of the model system, the activity of Glurazim stayed within the acceptable range (80–125%) established for biosimilar products. Conclusions: the experiments proved that L929 mouse fibroblasts could be recommended for assessment of internalization of recombinant imiglucerase.Фермент-заместительная терапия (ФЗТ) является одной из самых действенных при лечении болезней лизосомального накопления. Болезнь Гоше первого типа характеризуется недостатком нативного фермента β-глюкоцереброзидазы, который возмещают внутривенными инфузиями рекомбинантного фермента (имиглюцераза). Клетками-мишенями имиглюцеразы являются макрофаги, в которые фермент проникает посредством взаимодействия с рецепторами маннозы на клеточной мембране. Оценка интернализации ферментов клетками-мишенями представляет интерес при разработке новых и воспроизведении существующих препаратов для ФЗТ. Для этих исследований широко применяются перитонеальные и альвеолярные макрофаги, макрофаги селезенки мелких лабораторных животных (крыс и мышей). Однако получение таких клеток затрагивает этические вопросы использования лабораторных животных. Альтернативой являются перевиваемые клеточные линии млекопитающих. Цель работы: провести сравнительные исследования интернализации рекомбинантной имиглюцеразы в перитонеальные макрофаги мыши и фибробласты мыши линии L929. Материалы и методы: Церезим®, серии 7HV0913, C6214H05, 7HV0888 (Джензайм Лтд., Великобритания); Глуразим, серии 020416, 011117, 021117 (ООО «МБЦ «Генериум», Россия). В работе использовали перитонеальные макрофаги, полученные от мышей линии BALB/c, и фибробласты мыши линии L929. Клетки культивировали в полной ростовой среде ДМЕМ/Ф12 c добавлением 10% сыворотки плода крупного рогатого скота. Активность имиглюцеразы, проникшей в клетки, оценивали спектрофотометрически по гидролизу искусственного субстрата 4-метилумбеллиферил-β-D-глюкопиранозида. Результаты: представлены данные сравнительной оценки интернализации рекомбинантной имиглюцеразы, действующего вещества препаратов Церезим® и Глуразим, перитонеальными макрофагами мыши и клетками фибробластов мыши линии L929. Показано, что активность препаратов в лизатах перитонеальных макрофагов сопоставима с их активностью в лизатах клеток фибробластов мыши линии L929, при этом активность разработанного препарата Глуразим независимо от типа клеток, была в границах допустимого диапазона (80–125%), установленного для биоподобных препаратов. Выводы: экспериментально доказано, что фибробласты мыши линии L929 могут быть рекомендованы для оценки интернализации рекомбинантной имиглюцеразы

Lancet

BACKGROUND: In 2015, the second cycle of the CONCORD programme established global surveillance of cancer survival as a metric of the effectiveness of health systems and to inform global policy on cancer control. CONCORD-3 updates the worldwide surveillance of cancer survival to 2014. METHODS: CONCORD-3 includes individual records for 37.5 million patients diagnosed with cancer during the 15-year period 2000-14. Data were provided by 322 population-based cancer registries in 71 countries and territories, 47 of which provided data with 100% population coverage. The study includes 18 cancers or groups of cancers: oesophagus, stomach, colon, rectum, liver, pancreas, lung, breast (women), cervix, ovary, prostate, and melanoma of the skin in adults, and brain tumours, leukaemias, and lymphomas in both adults and children. Standardised quality control procedures were applied; errors were rectified by the registry concerned. We estimated 5-year net survival. Estimates were age-standardised with the International Cancer Survival Standard weights. FINDINGS: For most cancers, 5-year net survival remains among the highest in the world in the USA and Canada, in Australia and New Zealand, and in Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. For many cancers, Denmark is closing the survival gap with the other Nordic countries. Survival trends are generally increasing, even for some of the more lethal cancers: in some countries, survival has increased by up to 5% for cancers of the liver, pancreas, and lung. For women diagnosed during 2010-14, 5-year survival for breast cancer is now 89.5% in Australia and 90.2% in the USA, but international differences remain very wide, with levels as low as 66.1% in India. For gastrointestinal cancers, the highest levels of 5-year survival are seen in southeast Asia: in South Korea for cancers of the stomach (68.9%), colon (71.8%), and rectum (71.1%); in Japan for oesophageal cancer (36.0%); and in Taiwan for liver cancer (27.9%). By contrast, in the same world region, survival is generally lower than elsewhere for melanoma of the skin (59.9% in South Korea, 52.1% in Taiwan, and 49.6% in China), and for both lymphoid malignancies (52.5%, 50.5%, and 38.3%) and myeloid malignancies (45.9%, 33.4%, and 24.8%). For children diagnosed during 2010-14, 5-year survival for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia ranged from 49.8% in Ecuador to 95.2% in Finland. 5-year survival from brain tumours in children is higher than for adults but the global range is very wide (from 28.9% in Brazil to nearly 80% in Sweden and Denmark). INTERPRETATION: The CONCORD programme enables timely comparisons of the overall effectiveness of health systems in providing care for 18 cancers that collectively represent 75% of all cancers diagnosed worldwide every year. It contributes to the evidence base for global policy on cancer control. Since 2017, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development has used findings from the CONCORD programme as the official benchmark of cancer survival, among their indicators of the quality of health care in 48 countries worldwide. Governments must recognise population-based cancer registries as key policy tools that can be used to evaluate both the impact of cancer prevention strategies and the effectiveness of health systems for all patients diagnosed with cancer. FUNDING: American Cancer Society; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Swiss Re; Swiss Cancer Research foundation; Swiss Cancer League; Institut National du Cancer; La Ligue Contre le Cancer; Rossy Family Foundation; US National Cancer Institute; and the Susan G Komen Foundation

Worldwide trends in population-based survival for children, adolescents, and young adults diagnosed with leukaemia, by subtype, during 2000–14 (CONCORD-3) : analysis of individual data from 258 cancer registries in 61 countries

Background Leukaemias comprise a heterogenous group of haematological malignancies. In CONCORD-3, we analysed data for children (aged 0–14 years) and adults (aged 15–99 years) diagnosed with a haematological malignancy during 2000–14 in 61 countries. Here, we aimed to examine worldwide trends in survival from leukaemia, by age and morphology, in young patients (aged 0–24 years). Methods We analysed data from 258 population-based cancer registries in 61 countries participating in CONCORD-3 that submitted data on patients diagnosed with leukaemia. We grouped patients by age as children (0–14 years), adolescents (15–19 years), and young adults (20–24 years). We categorised leukaemia subtypes according to the International Classification of Childhood Cancer (ICCC-3), updated with International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, third edition (ICD-O-3) codes. We estimated 5-year net survival by age and morphology, with 95% CIs, using the non-parametric Pohar-Perme estimator. To control for background mortality, we used life tables by country or region, single year of age, single calendar year and sex, and, where possible, by race or ethnicity. All-age survival estimates were standardised to the marginal distribution of young people with leukaemia included in the analysis. Findings 164563 young people were included in this analysis: 121328 (73·7%) children, 22963 (14·0%) adolescents, and 20272 (12·3%) young adults. In 2010–14, the most common subtypes were lymphoid leukaemia (28205 [68·2%] patients) and acute myeloid leukaemia (7863 [19·0%] patients). Age-standardised 5-year net survival in children, adolescents, and young adults for all leukaemias combined during 2010–14 varied widely, ranging from 46% in Mexico to more than 85% in Canada, Cyprus, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, and Australia. Individuals with lymphoid leukaemia had better age-standardised survival (from 43% in Ecuador to ≥80% in parts of Europe, North America, Oceania, and Asia) than those with acute myeloid leukaemia (from 32% in Peru to ≥70% in most high-income countries in Europe, North America, and Oceania). Throughout 2000–14, survival from all leukaemias combined remained consistently higher for children than adolescents and young adults, and minimal improvement was seen for adolescents and young adults in most countries. Interpretation This study offers the first worldwide picture of population-based survival from leukaemia in children, adolescents, and young adults. Adolescents and young adults diagnosed with leukaemia continue to have lower survival than children. Trends in survival from leukaemia for adolescents and young adults are important indicators of the quality of cancer management in this age group.peer-reviewe

Global survival trends for brain tumors, by histology: analysis of individual records for 556,237 adults diagnosed in 59 countries during 2000–2014 (CONCORD-3)

Background: Survival is a key metric of the effectiveness of a health system in managing cancer. We set out to provide a comprehensive examination of worldwide variation and trends in survival from brain tumors in adults, by histology. Methods: We analyzed individual data for adults (15–99 years) diagnosed with a brain tumor (ICD-O-3 topography code C71) during 2000–2014, regardless of tumor behavior. Data underwent a 3-phase quality control as part of CONCORD-3. We estimated net survival for 11 histology groups, using the unbiased nonparametric Pohar Perme estimator. Results: The study included 556,237 adults. In 2010–2014, the global range in age-standardized 5-year net survival for the most common sub-types was broad: in the range 20%–38% for diffuse and anaplastic astrocytoma, from 4% to 17% for glioblastoma, and between 32% and 69% for oligodendroglioma. For patients with glioblastoma, the largest gains in survival occurred between 2000–2004 and 2005–2009. These improvements were more noticeable among adults diagnosed aged 40–70 years than among younger adults. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the largest account to date of global trends in population-based survival for brain tumors by histology in adults. We have highlighted remarkable gains in 5-year survival from glioblastoma since 2005, providing large-scale empirical evidence on the uptake of chemoradiation at population level. Worldwide, survival improvements have been extensive, but some countries still lag behind. Our findings may help clinicians involved in national and international tumor pathway boards to promote initiatives aimed at more extensive implementation of clinical guidelines