On the Kramers-Kronig transform with logarithmic kernel for the reflection phase in the Drude model

We use the Kramers-Kronig transform (KKT) with logarithmic kernel to obtain the reflection phase and, subsequently, the complex refractive index of a bulk mirror from reflectance. However, there remains some confusion regarding the formulation for this analysis. Assuming the damped Drude model for the dielectric constant and the oblique incidence case, we calculate the additional terms: phase at zero frequency and Blashke factor and we propose a reformulated KKT within this model. Absolute reflectance in the s-polarization case of a gold film is measured between 40 and 350 eV for various glancing angles using synchrotron radiation and its complex refractive index is deduced using the reformulated KKT that we propose. The results are discussed with respect to the data available in the literature.Comment: 18 pages, piblished in j. Mod. Opt. 57, 1504 (2010

Determination of the magnetization profile of Co/Mg periodic multilayers by magneto-optic Kerr effect and X-ray magnetic resonant reflectivity

The resonant magnetic reflectivity of Co/Mg multilayers around the Co L2,3 absorption edge is simulated then measured on a specifically designed sample. The dichroic signal is obtained when making the difference between the two reflectivities measured with the magnetic field applied in two opposite directions parallel to the sample surface. The simulations show that the existence of magnetic dead layers at the interfaces between the Co and Mg layers leads to an important increase of the dichroic signal measured in the vicinity of the third Bragg peak that otherwise should be negligible. The measurements are in agreement with the model introducing 0.25 nm thick dead layers. This is attributed to the Co atoms in contact with the Mg layers and thus we conclude that the Co-Mg interfaces are abrupt from the magnetic point of view.Comment: 8 page

A Nexafs Study of Nitric Oxide Layers Adsorbed from a nitrite Solution onto a Pt(111) Surface

NO molecules adsorbed on a Pt(111) surface from dipping in an acidic nitrite solution are studied by near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (NEXAFS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), low energy electron diffraction (LEED) and scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) techniques. LEED patterns and STM images show that no long range ordered structures are formed after NO adsorption on a Pt(111) surface. Although the total NO coverage is very low, spectroscopic features in N K-edge and O K-edge absorption spectra have been singled out and related to the different species induced by this preparation method. From these measurements it is concluded that the NO molecule is adsorbed trough the N atom in an upright conformation. The maximum saturation coverage is about 0.3 monolayers, and although nitric oxide is the major component, nitrite and nitrogen species are slightly co-adsorbed on the surface. The results obtained from this study are compared with those previously reported in the literature for NO adsorbed on Pt(111) under UHV conditions

German Ageing Survey (DEAS): Instruments of the Fifth Wave 2014

Capi-Template for the face-to-face interview; Drop-off questionnaire; Short questionnaire for non-respondents; Occupational status card; Cards with personal codes; Answer options (excerpt); Digit-symbol test; Pulmonary function test

Altern im Wandel: zwei Jahrzehnte Deutscher Alterssurvey

Einführungskapitel in den Sammelband - das vorliegende Buch zum Deutschen Alterssurvey (DEAS) stellt mit einem breiten Themenspektrum dar, dass die Lebensphase Alter vielfältig ist und sich wandelt: Ältere Menschen sind heute aktiver als vor 20 Jahren. Sie sind länger erwerbstätig, engagieren sich häufiger ehrenamtlich, sie treiben mehr Sport und sind mehrheitlich sozial gut eingebunden. Nehmen aber auch die Ungleichheiten im Alter zu? Befunde zu dieser Frage liefert der DEAS, die bundesweit wichtigste repräsentative Langzeitbefragung von Menschen, die sich in der zweiten Lebenshälfte befinden, also 40 Jahre und älter sind. Der DEAS wird seit 1996 vom Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend (BMFSFJ) finanziert. Das Buch zum DEAS 2014 stellt einen wesentlichen Teil der Sozialberichterstattung zum Thema Alter dar, ist Grundlage der Seniorenpolitik auf Bundesebene und Impulsgeber der sozial- und verhaltenswissenschaftlichen Alternsforschung. Der Inhalt Aktuelle Ergebnisse zum Wandel der Lebenssituation älterer Menschen in Deutschland innerhalb der letzten zwei Jahrzehnte Die Zielgruppen Wissenschaftler/innen aus dem Bereich der Altersforschung, Lehrende und Studierende der Sozialwissenschaften, Politische Entscheidungsträger/innen. Die Herausgeber/innen arbeiten am Deutschen Zentrum für Altersfragen (DZA), einem auf dem Gebiet der sozial- und verhaltenswissenschaftlichen Gerontologie tätigen wissenschaftlichen Forschungsinstitut des Bundes

Wandel von Teilhabe und Integration älterer Menschen - ein politikorientiertes Fazit

Handlungsfelder und politische Ziele der Alternspolitik; Ergebnisse des Deutschen Alterssurveys (DEAS) 2014; Alter nachrangig - Hauptsache gut gebildet?; Fazit

Environmentally persistent free radicals decrease cardiac function before and after ischemia/reperfusion injury in vivo

Exposure to airborne particles is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. During the combustion of chlorine-containing hazardous materials and fuels, chlorinated hydrocarbons chemisorb to the surface of transition metal-oxide-containing particles, reduce the metal, and form an organic free radical. These radical-particle systems can survive in the environment for days and are called environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs). This study determined whether EPFRs could decrease left ventricular function before and after ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) in vivo. Male Brown-Norway rats were dosed (8mg/kg, intratracheal) 24h prior to testing with particles containing the EPFR of 1, 2-dichlorobenzene (DCB230). DCB230 treatment decreased systolic and diastolic function. DCB230 also produced pulmonary and cardiac inflammation. After ischemia, systolic, but not diastolic function was significantly decreased in DCB230-treated rats. Ventricular function was not affected by I/R in control rats. There was greater oxidative stress in the heart and increased 8-isoprostane (biomarker of oxidative stress) in the plasma of treated vs. control rats after I/R. These data demonstrate for the first time that DCB230 can produce inflammation and significantly decrease cardiac function at baseline and after I/R in vivo. Furthermore, these data suggest that EPFRs may be a risk factor for cardiac toxicity in healthy individuals and individuals with ischemic heart disease. Potential mechanisms involving cytokines/chemokines and/or oxidative stress are discussed. © 2011 Informa Healthcare USA, Inc

Singlet oxygen from cation driven superoxide disproportionation and consequences for aprotic metal-O2 batteries

Aprotic alkali metal-oxygen batteries require reversible formation of metal superoxide or peroxide on cycling. Severe parasitic reactions cause poor rechargeability, efficiency, and cycle life and have been shown to be caused by singlet oxygen (1O2) that forms at all stages of cycling. However, its formation mechanism remains unclear. We show that disproportionation of superoxide, the product or intermediate on discharge and charge, to peroxide and oxygen is responsible for 1O2 formation. While the overall reaction is driven by the stability of peroxide and thus favored by stronger Lewis acidic cations such as Li+, the 1O2 fraction is enhanced by weak Lewis acids such as organic cations. Concurrently, the metal peroxide yield drops with increasing 1O2. The results explain a major parasitic pathway during cell cycling and the growing severity in K-, Na-, and Li-O2 cells based on the growing propensity for disproportionation. High capacities and rates with peroxides are now realized to require solution processes, which form peroxide or release O2via disproportionation. The results therefore establish the central dilemma that disproportionation is required for high capacity but also responsible for irreversible reactions. Highly reversible cell operation requires hence finding reaction routes that avoid disproportionation

Investigation of the thermal stability of Mg/Co periodic multilayers for EUV applications

We present the results of the characterization of Mg/Co periodic multilayers and their thermal stability for the EUV range. The annealing study is performed up to a temperature of 400\degree C. Images obtained by scanning transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy clearly show the good quality of the multilayer structure. The measurements of the EUV reflectivity around 25 nm (~49 eV) indicate that the reflectivity decreases when the annealing temperature increases above 300\degreeC. X-ray emission spectroscopy is performed to determine the chemical state of the Mg atoms within the Mg/Co multilayer. Nuclear magnetic resonance used to determine the chemical state of the Co atoms and scanning electron microscopy images of cross sections of the Mg/Co multilayers reveal changes in the morphology of the stack from an annealing temperature of 305\degreee;C. This explains the observed reflectivity loss.Comment: Published in Applied Physics A: Materials Science \& Processing Published at http://www.springerlink.com.chimie.gate.inist.fr/content/6v396j6m56771r61/ 21 page