Heat Transfer Enhancement for Tube in Tube Heat Exchanger Using Twisted Tape Inserts

Heat transfer augmentation techniques refer to different methods like Swirl-flow devices include a number of geometric arrangements or tube inserts for forced flow that create rotating and/or secondary flow. Ccoiled tubes, inlet vortex generators, twisted-tape inserts, and axial core inserts with a screw-type winding used to increase rate of heat transfer without affecting much the overall performance of the system. These techniques are used in heat exchangers which are used in process industries, , air-conditioning equipments, refrigerators thermal Power plants, radiators for space vehicles and automobiles etc. This work mainly focuses on the twisted tape inserts with different pitch and twist ratio and its effect on friction factor

Seed germination and seedling physiology of ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi L.) under chloride salinity

Seed germination and seedling physiology of ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi) was investigated under salinity induced by NaCl. Five different salinity levels (0, 25, 50, 100 and 150 mM) were used. The results revealed that seed germination and seedling growth were significantly retarded due to salinity. Significant accumulation of various osmolytes like reducing sugars and total sugars, proline, glycine betaine and total free amino acids was recorded with increasing salinity. The reduction in protein and starch content of seedlings under stress condition was concentration dependent. The studies suggested that ajowan is moderately tolerant to salt stress at seed germination stage. &nbsp

Evaluation of Nutritional, Phytochemical, and Mineral Composition of Selected Medicinal Plants for Therapeutic Uses from Cold Desert of Western Himalaya

The aim of this study was to determine the elemental and nutritive values of leaf parts of 10 selected wild medicinal plants, Acer pictum, Acer caecium, Betula utilis, Oxalis corniculata, Euphorbia pilosa, Heracleum lanatum, Urtica dioica, Berberis lycium, Berberis asiaticaand, and Quercus ilex, collected from the high hills of the Chitkul range in district Kinnaur, Western Himalaya. The nutritional characteristics of medicinal plant species were analyzed by using muffle furnace and micro-Kjeldahl methods, and the mineral content in plants was analyzed through atomic absorption spectrometry. The highest percentage of used value was reported in Betula utilis (0.42) and the lowest in Quercus ilex (0.17). In this study, it was found that new generations are not much interested in traditional knowledge of ethnomedicinal plants due to modernization in society. Therefore, there is an urgent need to document ethnomedicinal plants along with their phytochemical and minerals analysis in study sites. It was found that rural people in western Himalaya are dependent on wild medicinal plants, and certain steps must be taken to conserve these plants from extinction in the cold desert of Himalayan region. They are an alternative source of medicine because they contain saponin, alkaloid, and flavonoid etc. as well as minerals. The leaves used for analysis possesses good mineral content, such as Na, N, K, P, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, Ca, Mg, and S. Hence, in the current study it was observed that medicinal plants are not only used for therapeutic purposes, but they can also be used as nutritional supplements

Valorization potential of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seed : nutraceutical quality, food properties, safety aspects, and application as a health-promoting ingredient in foods

The tomato is a member of the Solanaceae family and is a crop that is widely cultivated around the world due to its sweet, sour, salty, juicy, and nutritious berries. The processing of tomatoes generates a significant amount of waste in the form of tomato pomace, which includes seeds and skin. Tomato seeds are reservoirs of various nutrients, such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, minerals, and vitamins. These components make tomato seeds an important ingredient for application in food matrices. This review discusses the functional food properties of tomato seeds and their scope of utilization as major ingredients in the functional food industry. In addition, this review describes the development of tomato seeds as a potential nutritional and nutraceutical ingredient, along with recent updates on research conducted worldwide. This is the first review that demonstrates the nutritional profile of tomato seeds along with its diverse functional food properties and application as a functional food ingredient

Ethnomedicinal Plants Used in the Health Care System: Survey of the Mid Hills of Solan District, Himachal Pradesh, India

The study was performed in the mid hills of the Dharampur region in Solan district of Himachal Pradesh, India. At the study site, a total of 115 medicinal plants were documented (38 trees, 37 herbs, 34 shrubs, 5 climbers, 1 fern, and 1 grass). In the study region, extensive field surveys were performed between March 2020 and August 2021. Indigenous knowledge of wild medicinal plants was collected through questionnaires, discussions, and personal interviews during field trips. Plants with their correct nomenclature were arranged by botanical name, family, common name, habitat, parts used, routes used, and diseases treated. In the present study, the predominant family was Rosaceae, which represented the maximum number of plant species, 10, followed by Asteraceae and Lamiaceae, which represented 8 plant species. The rural inhabitants of the Dharampur region in the Solan district have been using local plants for primary health care and the treatment of various diseases for a longer time. However, information related to the traditional knowledge of medicinal plants was not documented. The rural inhabitants of the Dharampur region reported that the new generation is not so interested in traditional knowledge of medicinal plants due to modernization in society, so there is an urgent need to document ethnomedicinal plants before such knowledge becomes inaccessible and extinct

Thermodynamic investigation of carbamazepine-saccharin co-crystal polymorphs

YesPolymorphism in active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can be regarded as critical for the potential that crystal form can have on the quality, efficacy and safety of the final drug product. The current contribution aims to characterize thermodynamic interrelationship of a dimorphic co-crystal, FI and FII, involving carbamazepine (CBZ) and saccharin (SAC) molecules. Supramolecular synthesis of CBZ-SAC FI and FII have been performed using thermo-kinetic methods and systematically characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), solubility and slurry measurements. According to Berger and Ramberger’s heat of fusion rule, FI (ΔHfus = 121.1 J/g, mp 172.5 °C) and FII (ΔHfus= 110.3 J/g, mp 164.7 °C) are monotropically related. The solubility and van’t Hoff plot results suggest that FI stable and FII metastable forms. This study reveals that CBZ-SAC co-crystal phases, FI or FII, could be stable to heat induced stresses, however, FII converts to FI during solution mediated transformation.Authors would like to acknowledge UKIERI (TPR 26), EPSRC (EP/J003360/1, EP/L027011/1) for the support. Open Access funded by Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Counci

Identification of RAPD markers linked to plant type gene in pigeonpea

58-63 Pigeonpea is the second most important pulse crop of India accounting for almost 90% of the World’s pigeonpea area and production. Altering the plant types could improve the economic yield and its adaptability as well. Molecular markers can identify and tag plant type genes without much environmental interference. In the present investigation of identifying and tagging RAPD markers linked with the plant type trait, the plant material consisted of parents, F1 and a F2 population obtained by crossing genotypes TT44-4 with open-tall and TDI2004-1 with compact-dwarf plant types. RAPD analysis was performed on 84 genotyped F2 plants following a bulked segregant analysis (BSA) approach. In the parental screening with 200 random decamer primers, only eight showed polymorphism, of which only two could be linked to the plant type gene. Two markers (OPF04700 and OPA091375) were identified that were present in the open-tall plants, while absent in compact-dwarf plants. Linkage analysis showed that the markers OPF04700 and OPA091375 were located 8.4±0.03 cM and 9.6±0.032 cM, respectively away from the plant type gene locus. The markers were validated in 15 genotypes with open-tall plant type. The utilization of the marker and the dwarfing gene is discussed. </smarttagtype

Nutrient quality of seeds of horsegram mutants

ABASTRACT The seeds of horsegram (Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc) cv. Dapoli Kulthi-1 were subjected to gamma radiation (100, 200, 300 and 400Gy), EMS (0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 %) and combination treatments. The mutations affecting antinutritional factors such as polyphenols , phytates and trypsin inhibitor in seeds were scored as qualitative characters. The seeds of all viable mutants showed reduced levels of polyphenols except, gigas and tall. Lowest level of polyphenols was recorded in the seeds of early mutants. The viable mutants, like tall, compact, high yielding, early, late and long pod had reduced polyphenols, which is a highly desirable nutritional factor. All the mutants except dwarf and compact were having very low level of phytates in seeds which is also a highly desirable nutritional factor in horsegram. Similarly almost all mutants have very low level of trypsin inhibitor in seeds. Lowest value of TI was also found in seeds of early mutants. Reduction in TI is highly important in legumes like horsegram from the point of nutrition quality. Almost all the antinutritional factors in horsegram seeds were reduced in the mutants, which it becomes more popular in vegetarian diet as a source of proteins