CHOLESTEROL-LOWERING PROPERTY OF BACILLUS CEREUS STRAIN KAVK4 ISOLATED FROM BUTTER

ABSTRACTObjectives: The aim of the present study was to check the cholesterol-lowering property of Bacillus cereus strain KAVK4 at different concentration ofcholesterol, different pH, different temperature, and different incubation time.Methods: B. cereus strain KAVK4 was isolated from butter by spread plate method. The cholesterol-lowering property was studied by adding differentconcentration of cholesterol in nutrient agar medium. Further, the cholesterol-lowering ability was optimized at various parameters such as differentconcentration of cholesterol, different pH, different temperature, and different incubation time.Results: B. cereus strain KAVK4 was utilized cholesterol and grown well in nutrient medium containing cholesterol at 1 mg/ml concentration. Thecholesterol utilization was optimized at 1 mg/ml concentration, the optimal pH was at 8, the temperature at 30°C, and the incubation period was at24 hrs.Conclusion: B. cereus strain KAVK4 was able to utilize cholesterol from the culture medium. Hence, B. cereus strain KAVK4 has been reported ascholesterol lowering agent.Keywords: Cholesterol lowering, Bacillus cereus, pH, Temperature, Time

INVESTIGATION AND EFFICACY ON PROTEIN HYDROLYSATE OF PILA GLOBOSA (A FRESH WATER MOLLUSCS) IN VARIOUS BIOMEDICAL ASPECTS

Objective: The present study is to investigate the antibacterial, antioxidant, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity ofprotein hydrolysate of fresh water Molluscs Pila globosa (Swainson, 1822).Methods: Protein hydrolysate was prepared from a tissue of P. globosa by enzymatic hydrolysis. Enzyme digestion was carried out with theenzyme trypsin. The protein concentration was estimated by Bradford's method, and the protein quantification was done by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis. Antibacterial assay was carried against four bacterial pathogens by well diffusion method.Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was assayed by the microdilution method against bacteria. The percentage of free radical scavenging activitywas done by DPPH method. The total antioxidant activity also carried out by phosphomolybdenum method.Results: Digested protein hydrolysate contains 2.2 mg/ml protein concentration, obtained by Bradford's method. The molecular weight of proteinhydrolysate was obtained ranging from 13.5 to 96.9 kDa. The maximum zone was observed against Salmonella typhi 16±1 mm at 1000 µg/ml. InMIC, activity was found to be maximum at 100 µl concentration of protein hydrolysate. The percentage of total antioxidant activity was increasedby increasing the concentration of protein hydrolysate. Maximum of 37% radical scavenging activity was found. The Fourier transform infraredspectroscopy analysis contains peaks ranging from of 579 to 3396/cm.Conclusion: This finding suggests the possibility that the protein hydrolysate of P. globosa may have a potential use for a therapeutic agent likeantibiotics.Keywords: Pila globosa, Protein hydrolysate, Antibacterial activity, Total antioxidant activity, Free radical scavenging activity

IN VITRO ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF MARINE ACTINOBACTERIA ISOLATES FROM PULICAT LAKE, TAMIL NADU, INDIA

ABSTRACTObjectives: The present investigation is undertaken with an aim to check the antimicrobial potential of marine Actinobacteria isolated from marinesediment samples collected from Pulicat Lake, Tamil Nadu.Methods: In this study, various physical and chemical pretreatment methods were used for selective isolation of Actinobacteria including air drying,incubation of soil samples with calcium carbonate, incorporation of antibacterial, antifungal antibiotics in the media and plating on Actinobacteriaspecificmedia.Acombinationof suchmethodsfacilitatedisolationof slowgrowingActinobacteriawith a simultaneous reductionof otherfree-livingbacterialand fungalcontaminants. The primary and secondary screeningwasdone toascertain the antimicrobialpotentialof these isolates.Results: The results obtained from primary screening was about 110 isolates, were tested against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus,Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger, out of these, 31 isolates showed remarkable antimicrobial activity. Based on the results of primary screening,31 isolates were subjected to secondary screening from which two isolates with a strong and broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity were selectedfor further studies.Conclusion: The present study is useful as the isolation of most of the antimicrobial compounds from different Actinobacteria species showed partialresemblance to earlier reported antibiotic chemical structures. Further, chemical characterization of the isolated compound from producer isolatesmay yield more effective analogs or hybrid bioactive molecules.Keywords: Actinobacteria, Antimicrobial activity, Pulicat lake

IN-VITRO-ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY OF N-BUTANOL EXTRACT OF SESAMUM INDICUM

ABSTRACTObjective: The present study was aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect of n-Butanol extract of black sesame seeds on the enzymes α- amylase andα- glucosidase followed by its Total antioxidant capacity.Methods: The Black sesame seeds were extracted in n-Butanol, powdered and stored for future studies. Phytochemical analysis was performed todetect the presence of many phytochemicals. The extracts were screened Alpha-amylase inhibition assay and Alpha-glucosidase inhibition assay. Thetotal antioxidant capacity of the n-Butanolic extract was evaluated by the phosphomolybdenum method. Results: The obtained results showed the high alpha-glucosidase inhibitory affect than the alpha-amylase inhibition when compared to standardacarbose. Even the Total antioxidant capacity was equivalent when compared with the standard Ascorbic acid values.Conclusions: Based on the results, it can be concluded that Sesamum indicum herb has potential phyochemicals which can be used to reduce thepostprandial hyperglycemia by inhibiting carbohydrates metabolizing enzymes α- amylase and α- glucosidase, and also to combat the free radicals byits anti-oxidant activity.Keywords: Black sesame seeds, n-butanol, Alpha-amylase inhibition assay, Alpha-glucosidase inhibition assay, Phosphomolybdenum reduction

Optimization of freeze drying parameters for moringa (Moringa oleifera) flower powder by using response surface methodology and principal component analysis

Moringa oleifera Lam. is an incredible plant because of vital nutrients such as minerals, vitamins and phytochemicals. The present work is focused on studying the optimization and quality attributes retention in moringa flowers in a freeze dryer (FD). Because the conventional drying process takes more time and energy which will affect the product quality and safety. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the effect of drying temperature (- 65 to - 45°C), vacuum pressure (0.5 to 2.5 mmHg) and drying time (18 to 24 h.) on the vitamin C, total antioxidant activity(TAA) and hygroscopicity (HS) of moringa flower. The developed model response R2 values of vitamin C 0.96, total antioxidant activity 0.97 and hygroscopicity0.95. Based on response surface and desirability (0.74) functions, moringa flower was freeze sdried at - 63.75°C for18 hr under 0.55 vacuum pressure had an optimum level of vitamin C 285.84 mg/100g, TAA 453.20 mg/100g and HS 1.57 percent. Freeze dried moringa flower powder at -55°C had maximum drying characteristics with special reference to high powder recovery (98.75%) and excellent flowability.The first principal component, accounting for 52.15 per cent and two 23.02 per cent of the total variance resolved the different drying temperatures

Optimization of Heat pump-assisted dehumidified air drying (HPD) temperature on phytochemicals, drying characteristics and nutrient compound retention of drumstick by GC-MS and principle component analysis

Drumstick (Moringa oleifera Lam.) is an incredible plant to humans because of its pharmacognostic and nutraceutical properties. M. oleifera contains vital nutrients such as minerals, vitamins, and phytochemicals like tannins and flavonoids. The present work aims to study the optimization and quality attributes retention in drumstick through Heat Pump-assisted dehumidified air Dryer (HPD) because the conventional drying process takes more time and energy, affecting the product quality and safety. Different solvents, such as ethanol, chloroform, hexane, acetone and ethyl acetate, were used to determine the presence of phytochemicals (alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids and saponins) in the drumstick. The phytochemicals were highly present in methanol and ethanol extracts from qualitative screening of drumstick. Dried drumstick powder was prepared by using fresh drumstick pieces, steam blanched for 2-5 min and then sulfated at 0.1 % for 10 min. After that, the dehydration process was performed at different temperatures (45, 55 and 65°C) in an HPD drier. HPD dried drumstick powder at 55⁰C was found to have maximum physicochemical properties, drying characteristics and higher retention of bioactive compounds with special reference to high powder recovery (97.22 %), excellent flowability and better retention of nutrients like β – carotene (174.49 mg), total antioxidant (266.02 mg), flavonoids (6.207 mg/RE), phenol (229.54 mg/GAE) and vitamin C (253.16 mg). The extract of fresh and HPD dried drumstick powder contained 50 major bioactive compounds such as 2,6-Dihydroxybenzoic acid 3TMS derivative, Butanal 2-ethyl-3-methyl- etc., these bioactive compounds act as various nutraceuticals and therapeutic values

Cybersecurity by Prediction of Time Synchronization using Bayesian Base Gradient Descent Approach

347-353Time Commerce tends to struggle, which necessities an improved time framework.Legal escalations for conflicts of time commerce in the digital economy demand a solution that helps to address technology, standards, and policies. To meet the demand, we have to build a system that can understand every domain essential for building an inter-organizational system. "Date" and "Timestamp" reflect the root of the current term "Date Trade" in the cyber world. The threat to these roots has been studied in-depth and proposed solutions specific to UTC NPLI. The electricity grid shifts to the energy network to improve operating efficiency and reliability by developing advanced information and communication technology. However, the Internet also provides a range of entry points dependent on the internet, which produce additional vulnerabilities due to malicious cyber-attacks, thereby threatening Nations' economic health. This paper proposes therefore a new mechanism to protect critical infrastructure against these malicious attacks, based on interval state predictors. This paper uses the prediction-based approach for reducing the impact of such attacks from cyberspace. In prediction, we have used a machine learning approach like Bayesian classifier by Bayesian approach to forecasting time synchronization concerning universal time clock (UTC). In our analysis, we have taken the basic UTC, UTC, and UTC likelihood proposed approach on basis of communication. This work has improved considerably the results to take care of CPS against such cybersecurity threats

Cybersecurity by Prediction of Time Synchronization Using Bayesian base Gradient Descent Approach

Abstract Time Commerce tends to be an effort that needs to be adapted to remove framework limitations and judicial intensifications to the inclusive digital economy in the form of a regional collaborative organisational system. "Date" and "Timestamp" reflect the root of the current term "Date Trade" in the cyber world The electricity grid shifts to the energy network to improve operating efficiency and reliability by developing advanced information and communication technology. However, the Internet also provides a range of entry points dependent on the internet, which produce additional vulnerabilities due to malicious cyber-attacks, thereby threatening nations' economic health. This paper proposes, a new mechanism to protect Critical Systems against malicious attacks, based on interval state predictors. In this paper using prediction-based approach for reducing the impact of cyber space attack. In prediction we use machine learning approach of Bayesian classifier by Bayesian approach forecast time synchronization according to universal time clock (UTC). In experiment analysis basic UTC, UTC and its likelihood and proposed approach on base of communication to improve substantially in proposed approach. Keywords Time Commerce, Timestamp, Cyber Security, Indian Standard Time, Time Dissemination, Cyber-Physical Systems, Big Data, Bayesian Prediction, Gradient Descent.

Biocontrol Agents Induce Disease Resistance in Phyllanthus niruri Linn against Damping-Off Disease Caused by Rhizoctonia solani

Five isolates each of Trichoderma viride and Pseudomonas fluorescens and four isolates of Bacillus subtilis were evaluated for their ability to control Rhizoctonia solani, the causal agent of damping off of Phyllanthus niruri. Among the isolates tested, TVUV10 (T. viride), PFMMP (P. fluorescens) and BSG3 (B. subtilis) showed maximum in vitro inhibition of mycelial growth of R. solani. Isolate PFMMP was also very effective in reducing disease incidence in greenhouse conditions. The effective isolates were evaluated for their ability to induce defense reactions in P. niruri plants. Earlier and increased activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase, peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase and total phenolics were observed in the biocontrol-agent pretreated P. niruri plants challenged with R. solani. Isolate PFMMP caused early and increased synthesis of all defense related enzymes and total phenol. The present study showed that isolates TVUV10, PFMMP and BSG3 of T. viride, P. fluorescens and B. subtilis respectively are good candidates for the control of R. solani in P. niruri

Cytosolic Fe-S cluster protein maturation and iron regulation are independent of the mitochondrial Erv1/Mia40 import system

The sulfhydryl oxidase Erv1 partners with the oxidoreductase Mia40 to import cysteine-rich proteins in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Erv1 has also been implicated in cytosolic Fe-S protein maturation and iron regulation. To investigate the connection between Erv1/Mia40-dependent mitochondrial protein import and cytosolic Fe-S cluster assembly, we measured Mia40 oxidation and Fe-S enzyme activities in several erv1 and mia40 mutants. Although all the erv1 and mia40 mutants exhibited defects in Mia40 oxidation, only one erv1 mutant strain (erv1-1) had significantly decreased activities of cytosolic Fe-S enzymes. Further analysis of erv1-1 revealed that it had strongly decreased glutathione (GSH) levels, caused by an additional mutation in the gene encoding the glutathione biosynthesis enzyme glutamate cysteine ligase (GSH1). To address whether Erv1 or Mia40 plays a role in iron regulation, we measured iron-dependent expression of Aft1/2-regulated genes and mitochondrial iron accumulation in erv1 and mia40 strains. The only strain to exhibit iron misregulation is the GSH-deficient erv1-1 strain, which is rescued with addition of GSH. Together, these results confirm that GSH is critical for cytosolic Fe-S protein biogenesis and iron regulation, whereas ruling out significant roles for Erv1 or Mia40 in these pathways