Catalytic dehydrogenative Si-N coupling of pyrroles, indoles, carbazoles as well as anilines with hydrosilanes without added base

Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.This publication is with permission of the rights owner freely accessible due to an Alliance licence and a national licence (funded by the DFG, German Research Foundation) respectively.A base-free, catalytic protocol for the dehydrogenative Si–N coupling of weakly nucleophilic N–H groups of heteroarenes or aryl-substituted amines with equimolar amounts of hydrosilanes is reported. Cooperative Si–H bond activation at a Ru–S bond generates a silicon electrophile that forms a Si–N bond prior to the N–H deprotonation by an intermediate Ru–H complex, only releasing H2.DFG, GRK 1143, Komplexe chemische Systeme: Design, Entwicklung und Anwendunge

Pattern-based model-to-model transformation: Handling attribute conditions

The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02408-5_7Proceedings of Second International Conference, ICMT 2009, Zurich, Switzerland, June 29-30, 2009Pattern-based model-to-model transformation is a new approach for specifying transformations in a declarative, relational and formal style. The language relies on patterns describing allowed or forbidden relations between two models, which are compiled into operational mechanisms to perform forward and backward transformations. In this paper, we extend the approach for handling attribute conditions expressed in some suitable logic, adapt the operational mechanisms based on graph transformation to relax attribute handling by constraint solving, and discuss heuristics for the compilation of patterns into rules.Work supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, projects METEORIC (TIN2008-02081),MODUWEB (TIN2006-09678) and FORMALISM (TIN2007-66523).Moreover, part of this work was done during a sabbatical leave of the third author at TU Berlin, with financial support from the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci´on (grant ref. PR2008-0185). We thank the referees for their useful comment

Differential effects of long-term aerobic versus cognitively-engaging physical activity on children's visuospatial working memory related brain activation:A cluster RCT

Different types of physical activity are thought to differentially affect children's brain activation, via physiological mechanisms, or by activating similar brain areas during physical and cognitive tasks. Despite many behavioral studies relying on these mechanisms, they have been rarely studied. This study looks at both mechanisms simultaneously, by examining effects of two physical activity interventions (aerobic vs. cognitively-engaging) on children's brain activation. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) data of 62 children (48.4% boys, mean age 9.2 years) was analyzed. Children's visuospatial working memory related brain activity patterns were tested using a Spatial Span Task before and after the 14-week interventions consisting of four physical education lessons per week. The control group followed their regular program of two lessons per week. Analyses of activation patterns in SPM 12.0 revealed no activation changes between pretest and posttest (p > .05), and no differences between the three conditions in pretest-posttest changes in brain activation (p > .05). Large inter-individual differences were found, suggesting that not every child benefited from the interventions in the same way. To get more insight into the assumed mechanisms, further research is needed to understand whether, when, for whom, and how physical activity results in changed brain activation patterns

Software "Proasu"

The paper describes software for automation of ASCTP project documentation development ("ProASU"). This software is implemented for development of text documentation in automate mode way that for every of document type (TS, MS, PS, IS, SS, OS) there are predefined individual scenarios of creation

CD4 recovery following antiretroviral treatment interruptions in children and adolescents with HIV infection in Europe and Thailand

Objectives: The aim of the study was to explore factors associated with CD4 percentage (CD4%) reconstitution following treatment interruptions (TIs) of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Methods: Data from paediatric HIV-infected cohorts across 17 countries in Europe and Thailand were pooled. Children on combination ART (cART; at least three drugs from at least two classes) for > 6 months before TI of ≥ 30 days while aged < 18 years were included. CD4% at restart of ART (r-ART) and in the long term (up to 24 months after r-ART) following the first TI was modelled using asymptotic regression. Results: In 779 children with at least one TI, the median age at first TI was 10.1 [interquartile range (IQR) 6.4, 13.6] years and the mean CD4% was 27.3% [standard deviation (SD) 11.0%]; the median TI duration was 9.0 (IQR 3.5, 22.5) months. In regression analysis, the mean CD4% was 19.2% [95% confidence interval (CI) 18.3, 20.1%] at r-ART, and 27.1% (26.2, 27.9%) in the long term, with half this increase in the first 6 months. r-ART and long-term CD4% values were highest in female patients and in children aged < 3 years at the start of TI. Long-term CD4% was highest in those with a TI lasting 1 to <3 months, those with r-ART after year 2000 and those with a CD4% nadir ≥ 25% (all P < 0.001). The effect of CD4% nadir during the TI differed significantly (P = 0.038) by viral suppression at the start of the TI; in children with CD4% nadir < 15% during TI, recovery was better in those virally suppressed prior to the TI; viral suppression was not associated with recovery in children with CD4% nadir ≥ 25%. Conclusions: After restart of ART following TI, most children reconstituted well immunologically. Nevertheless, several factors predicted better immunological reconstitution, including younger age and higher nadir CD4% during TI

Cardiovascular Fitness and Executive Functioning in Primary School-aged Children

Previous research in children has shown that higher cardiovascular fitness is related to better executive functioning. However, the available literature is hampered by methodological limitations. The present study investigates the relationship between cardiovascular fitness and executive functioning in a large sample of healthy children (N = 814). Cardiovascular fitness was assessed with estimated VO2Max from 20 m Shuttle Run Test performance. Executive functioning was assessed using a set of computerized neurocognitive tasks aimed at executive functions (working memory, motor inhibition, interference control) and lower-level neurocognitive functions (information processing and attention). Dependent measures derived from the neurocognitive tests were subjected to principal component analysis. Mixed model analyses tested the relation between cardiovascular fitness and neurocognitive functioning components. Results showed that children with higher cardiovascular fitness performed better on the neurocognitive function components Information Processing and Control, Visuospatial Working Memory and Attention Efficiency. The following measures contained in these components contributed to the observed relations: information processing measures, visuospatial working memory, and speed of alerting attention. No relationship was found between cardiovascular fitness and the other components: Verbal Working Memory, Attention Accuracy, and Interference Control. The present study suggests that there is a relationship between cardiovascular fitness and a specific set of executive functions and lower level neurocognitive functions. These findings highlight the importance of cardiovascular fitness for the overall health of school-aged children

CD4 recovery following antiretroviral treatment interruptions in children and adolescents with HIV infection in Europe and Thailand

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to explore factors associated with CD4 percentage (CD4%) reconstitution following treatment interruptions (TIs) of antiretroviral therapy (ART). METHODS: Data from paediatric HIV‐infected cohorts across 17 countries in Europe and Thailand were pooled. Children on combination ART (cART; at least three drugs from at least two classes) for > 6 months before TI of ≥ 30 days while aged < 18 years were included. CD4% at restart of ART (r‐ART) and in the long term (up to 24 months after r‐ART) following the first TI was modelled using asymptotic regression. RESULTS: In 779 children with at least one TI, the median age at first TI was 10.1 [interquartile range (IQR) 6.4, 13.6] years and the mean CD4% was 27.3% [standard deviation (SD) 11.0%]; the median TI duration was 9.0 (IQR 3.5, 22.5) months. In regression analysis, the mean CD4% was 19.2% [95% confidence interval (CI) 18.3, 20.1%] at r‐ART, and 27.1% (26.2, 27.9%) in the long term, with half this increase in the first 6 months. r‐ART and long‐term CD4% values were highest in female patients and in children aged < 3 years at the start of TI. Long‐term CD4% was highest in those with a TI lasting 1 to <3 months, those with r‐ART after year 2000 and those with a CD4% nadir ≥ 25% (all P < 0.001). The effect of CD4% nadir during the TI differed significantly (P = 0.038) by viral suppression at the start of the TI; in children with CD4% nadir < 15% during TI, recovery was better in those virally suppressed prior to the TI; viral suppression was not associated with recovery in children with CD4% nadir ≥ 25%. CONCLUSIONS: After restart of ART following TI, most children reconstituted well immunologically. Nevertheless, several factors predicted better immunological reconstitution, including younger age and higher nadir CD4% during TI

Inducing Cross-Clade Neutralizing Antibodies against HIV-1 by Immunofocusing

Background: Although vaccines are important in preventing viral infections by inducing neutralizing antibodies (nAbs), HIV-1 has proven to be a difficult target and escapes humoral immunity through various mechanisms. We sought to test whether HIV-1 Env mimics may serve as immunogens. Methodology/Principal Findings: Using random peptide phage display libraries, we identified the epitopes recognized by polyclonal antibodies of a rhesus monkey that had developed high-titer, broadly reactive nAbs after infection with a simianhuman immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) encoding env of a recently transmitted HIV-1 clade C (HIV-C). Phage peptide inserts were analyzed for conformational and linear homology using computational analysis; some peptides mimicked various domains of the original HIV-C Env, such as conformational V3 loop epitopes and the conserved linear region of the gp120 C-terminus. Next, we devised a novel prime/boost strategy to test the immunogenicity of such phage-displayed peptides and primed mice only once with HIV-C gp160 DNA followed by boosting with mixtures of recombinant phages. Conclusions/Significance: This strategy, which was designed to focus the immune system on a few Env epitopes (immunofocusing), not only induced HIV-C gp160 binding antibodies and cross-clade nAbs, but also linked a conserved HIV Env region for the first time to the induction of nAbs: the C-terminus of gp120. The identification of conserved antige

Predictors of faster virological suppression in early treated infants with perinatal HIV from Europe and Thailand

OBJECTIVE: To identify predictors of faster time to virological suppression among infants starting combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) early in infancy. DESIGN: Cohort study of infants from Europe and Thailand included in studies participating in the European Pregnancy and Paediatric HIV Cohort Collaboration (EPPICC). METHODS: Infants with perinatal HIV starting cART aged <6 months with ≥1 viral load (VL) measurement within 15 months of cART initiation were included. Multivariable interval-censored flexible parametric proportional hazards models were used to assess predictors of faster virological suppression, with timing of suppression assumed to lie in the interval between last VL≥400 and first VL<400copies/ml. RESULTS: Of 420 infants, 59% were female and 56% from Central/Western Europe, 26% UK/Ireland, 15% Eastern Europe and 3% Thailand; 46% and 54% started a boosted protease inhibitor- or non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor- based regimen, respectively. At cART initiation, the median age, CD4% and VL were 2.9 (IQR:1.4-4.1) months, 34 (IQR:24-45)% and 5.5 (IQR:4.5-6.0) log10copies/ml, respectively. Overall, an estimated 89% (95%CI:86-92%) achieved virological suppression within 12 months of cART start. In multivariable analysis, younger age (aHR:0.84 per month older; P < 0.001), higher CD4% (aHR:1.11 per 10% higher; P = 0.010) and lower log10 VL (aHR:0.85 per log10 higher; P < 0.001) at cART initiation independently predicted faster virological suppression. CONCLUSION: We observed a significant independent effect of age at cART initiation, even within a narrow 6 months window from birth. These findings support the earliest feasible cART initiation in infants and suggest that early therapy influences key virological and immunological parameters that could have important consequences for long term health