Esineiden Internetin turvallisuusuhat ja protokollat

Tiivistelmä. Esineiden Internet tarkoittaa elektronisia laitteita, jotka ovat yhdistetty Internetiin. Internetiin kytkettyjen laitteiden määrä on kasvanut nopeasti ja tämä on mahdollistanut uusia hyökkäysmenetelmiä hakkereiden käyttöön. Uudet hyökkäysmenetelmät aiheuttavat tietoturvauhkia, sekä uhkia käyttäjän yksityisyyteen. Jokainen IoT (Internet of Things)- laite tai IoT-sovellus, joka on yhteydessä verkkoon, käyttää tiedonsiirrossa jotain tiettyä protokollaa. Mainitussa IoT:ssa käytetään useita erilaisia protokollatyyppejä, joista tässä työssä laadittu taulukko. Taulukossa on vertailtu MQTT (Message Queue Telemetry Transport), DDS (Data Distribution Service), mDNS (Multicast Domain Name System) ja SSDP (Simple Service Discovery Protocol) protokollien keskeisiä ominaisuuksia. Tässä työssä on otettu MQTT tiedonsiirtoprotokolla tarkempaan tarkasteluun ja tutkittiin sen erilaisia ominaisuuksia. Ominaisuudet liittyvät toimintoon, jossa viestin lähettäminen ja vastaanottaminen tapahtuu välittäjän kautta. Yksi tietoturvallisuuteen liittyvä tarkastelun kohde oli viestien salaus, ja kuinka hyvin salaus toimii. Liikennöinnin ja suojauksen testaus voidaan suorittaa paikallisesti, eli tietokone voi kommunikoida sisäisesti eräänlaisen verkon kautta. MQTT:n ominaisuuksia testattiin tietokoneelle asennetulla Mosquitto välittäjäohjelmalla. Ensimmäisessä testauksessa tutkittiin ja todennettiin viestin kulkemista välittäjän kautta vastaanottajalle, sekä tutkittiin kuittausviestien määrää eri palvelutasoilla. Teknisessä osuudessa testattiin, kuinka MQTT:ssä voidaan salata käyttäjän salasanan kryptaamista käyttämällä Mosquitto välittäjäohjelmaa. Samalla todennettiin myös pysyvän tallennuksen toimivuutta häiriötilanteen yhteydessä ja pohdittiin mahdollisia tallennettuun tietokantaan syntyviä tietoturvauhkia. Lisäksi testattiin viestiliikenteen salausta, käyttämällä porttia 8883, joka tukee TLS (Transport Layer Security) suojattua viestiliikennettä. Tuloksilla osoitettiin, että viestin rakenne muuttuu siten, että viestiä ei kyetä tulkitsemaan. Se koskee myös käyttäjätunnusta ja salasanaa. Testien tuloksilla haluttiin osoittaa, että MQTT:n ominaisuudet toimivat sille luvattujen standardien mukaisesti, jos Mosquitton konfigurointi on tehty oikein. Testituloksissa mm. QoS (Quality of Service) palvelutasoilla viestien datapakettien määrässä oli havaittavissa eroavaisuuksia. Testeissä havaittiin, että todennusyrityskertojen määrää ei ole rajoitettu MQTT:ssä. Lisäksi Wiresharkilla saaduissa testituloksissa ilmeni, että asiakkaan ja välittäjän välistä liikennettä on mahdollista lukea, mutta käytettäessä TLS suojausta sitä ei voida enää lukea. Testitulokset osoittivat todeksi sen, mitä teoriatekstissä oli kerrottu

Learning from and with Customers with Social Media: A Model for Social Customer Learning

Social media can enable and significantly increase the collaboration andlearning from customers in various ways, for instance by novel social waysof providing and receiving feedback from new products and concepts. Wehave created a model that can support managers and researchers to betteranalyse and understand the possibilities of social media approaches especiallyfrom the business-to-business (B2B) customer interface standpoint. Weused the model to analyse found various types of business-to-business relatedsocial media approaches to create new understanding of the scarcelyresearched field of social media in the customer learning and the customerinterface of B2B innovation

Application areas of social media in external B2B transactions - An empirical analysis of Finnish technology industry

Despite the topic popularity, social media research is still limited, and focuses largely on the role of consumer-to-consumer (C2C) and business-to-consumer (B2C) domains. In many parts, the B2C social media practices are not directly useful for inter-organizational and B2B purposes. Main aim of this paper is to help to understand the current application areas of social media especially in external B2B transactions. This is carried out by an extensive survey to companies representing the technology industry, which are operating purely in B2B markets, having only other companies as customers. We wanted to understand how industrial B2B companies currently apply social media in their own inter-organizational applications, which types of potential they see in social media in this context, and what kind of support they experience their companies to need for better adopting social media together with their customers and partners. A population of 2488 Finnish decision-makers were observed from the Federation of Finnish Technology Industries. From the answers of 143 different companies, 125 companies represented wholly (100%) B2B markets, which were chosen as the sample of this study. Researches on social media, especially survey-based studies, have not focused particularly on B2B companies only, especially on the inter-organizational applications of social media in B2B’s. Except for the B2B-marketing oriented study of Michaelidou et al., (2011), and study of social media utilization in B2B-relationships by Pettersson et al. (2014). This study extends the previous studies especially by creating new understanding on the maturity of social media integration to business, organizational business problems that companies perceive that can be solved with social media, and approaches that can support social media adoption in B2B companies. Managerially, the results can be used, for instance, to better understand the various types of possibilities of applying social media in the inter-organizational use in B2Bs, which are currently only superficially understood by a significant part of managers. This can help to support and facilitate external social media use in B2B

Knowledge Management and Emerging Collaborative Networks in Tourism Business Ecosystems

If we critically look at the evolution of the Tourism Industry (TI), we can note that, in the past decade, nothing has changed as much as ICTs and the Internet which caused an extensive transformation of the TI. Both demand and supply of ICT, together with innovation in transportation and international trade agreements, have evolved the tourism sector in operational workflows, management and marketing of new of tourism experiences. The massive use of new technologies has facilitated the rise of new flat organizational models where traditional brokers have disappeared, replaced by direct connections between local providers and tourists, or they have been reconfigured into new forms of dynamic and web-based tourism package providers. The depicted industry evolution shows potential, unthinkable just a few years ago, for local service providers usually marginalized from main tourism flows, due to their small sizes, and who are unable to compete in the globalized market. In many regions characterized by a niche tourism vocation, local tourism operators have started organizing themselves spontaneously in Collaborative Networks in order to create aggregate tourism offers that are able to compete with big tourism operators thus transforming regions with potential and vocation in real tourism destinations. The main socialeffect of instantiating these tourism partnerships, is the stimulus towards Tourism Business Ecosystems (TBEs) giving local tourism service providers a means for economic growth. The aim of this paper is to describe how the organizational paradigm of CNs, applied to the TBEs knowledge management and supported by ICTs, can be the key means for the growth of emerging TBEs. Such models are able to reengineer the tourism destination management model in order to gain much more flexibility in service provision and provide tourists the possibility to live an augmented tourism experience.In this paper we point out that tourism destinations, in an effort to give services able to actively support each phase of the 2.0 tourist lifecycle, can benefit from collaborative network models

Theory and practice in Finnish teacher education : a rhetorical analysis of changing values from the 1960s to the present day

Our aim in this article is to examine the relationship between theory and practice in Finnish teacher education from the 1960s to the present. We identify four different periods to represent this relationship based on our analysis of national committee and evaluation reports. Theory and practice gradually converged, culminating in a research-based agenda that reflects the current situation. This relationship between theory and practice also reflects the ideal teacher of different times and what a teacher's working orientation should be. We use rhetorical analysis and the concept of a 'philosophical pair' introduced by Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca to interpret this development.Peer reviewe

A molecular-based identification resource for the arthropods of Finland

Publisher Copyright: © 2021 The Authors. Molecular Ecology Resources published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.To associate specimens identified by molecular characters to other biological knowledge, we need reference sequences annotated by Linnaean taxonomy. In this study, we (1) report the creation of a comprehensive reference library of DNA barcodes for the arthropods of an entire country (Finland), (2) publish this library, and (3) deliver a new identification tool for insects and spiders, as based on this resource. The reference library contains mtDNA COI barcodes for 11,275 (43%) of 26,437 arthropod species known from Finland, including 10,811 (45%) of 23,956 insect species. To quantify the improvement in identification accuracy enabled by the current reference library, we ran 1000 Finnish insect and spider species through the Barcode of Life Data system (BOLD) identification engine. Of these, 91% were correctly assigned to a unique species when compared to the new reference library alone, 85% were correctly identified when compared to BOLD with the new material included, and 75% with the new material excluded. To capitalize on this resource, we used the new reference material to train a probabilistic taxonomic assignment tool, FinPROTAX, scoring high success. For the full-length barcode region, the accuracy of taxonomic assignments at the level of classes, orders, families, subfamilies, tribes, genera, and species reached 99.9%, 99.9%, 99.8%, 99.7%, 99.4%, 96.8%, and 88.5%, respectively. The FinBOL arthropod reference library and FinPROTAX are available through the Finnish Biodiversity Information Facility (www.laji.fi) at https://laji.fi/en/theme/protax. Overall, the FinBOL investment represents a massive capacity-transfer from the taxonomic community of Finland to all sectors of society.Peer reviewe

A molecular-based identification resource for the arthropods of Finland

To associate specimens identified by molecular characters to other biological knowledge, we need reference sequences annotated by Linnaean taxonomy. In this study, we (1) report the creation of a comprehensive reference library of DNA barcodes for the arthropods of an entire country (Finland), (2) publish this library, and (3) deliver a new identification tool for insects and spiders, as based on this resource. The reference library contains mtDNA COI barcodes for 11,275 (43%) of 26,437 arthropod species known from Finland, including 10,811 (45%) of 23,956 insect species. To quantify the improvement in identification accuracy enabled by the current reference library, we ran 1000 Finnish insect and spider species through the Barcode of Life Data system (BOLD) identification engine. Of these, 91% were correctly assigned to a unique species when compared to the new reference library alone, 85% were correctly identified when compared to BOLD with the new material included, and 75% with the new material excluded. To capitalize on this resource, we used the new reference material to train a probabilistic taxonomic assignment tool, FinPROTAX, scoring high success. For the full-length barcode region, the accuracy of taxonomic assignments at the level of classes, orders, families, subfamilies, tribes, genera, and species reached 99.9%, 99.9%, 99.8%, 99.7%, 99.4%, 96.8%, and 88.5%, respectively. The FinBOL arthropod reference library and FinPROTAX are available through the Finnish Biodiversity Information Facility (www.laji.fi) at https://laji.fi/en/theme/protax. Overall, the FinBOL investment represents a massive capacity-transfer from the taxonomic community of Finland to all sectors of society.</p

Trust-related network collaboration - difficulties, potential and paradoxes

Tämä tutkimus on esiselvitys suomalaisen meriteollisuuden verkostotoiminnan tilasta. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää, mitä aihealueita meriklusterin verkoston toiminnassa kannattaisi jatkotutkia. Tutkimuksen aikana suoritettiin kaksi kohdennettua kyselytutkimusta meriklusterin verkoston toimijoille. Kyselyt lähetettiin 392:en sähköpostiosoitteeseen vuoden 2009 lopulla ja kakkosvaiheessa vuoden 2010 alkupuolella. Vastausprosentti tutkimuskyselyyn oli 12 %. Tutkimuksen suunnitteli ja tutkimuskysymykset laati Tampereen teknillisen yliopiston tuotantotalouden sekä tiedonhallinnan ja logistiikan laitoksen yhteinen tutkimusryhmä. Yoso Oy avusti kyselyn laatimisessa ja kyselytutkimuksen tulosten analysoinnissa. Kysely toteutettiin Yoso Oy:n Internet-pohjaisella kyselytyökalulla. Tutkimuksessa löytyi useita tutkimuksen kannalta mielenkiintoisia osa-alueita koskien verkoston toimintaa. Tässä raportissa julkaistaan tutkimuksen tulokset ja raportin lopussa pohditaan johtopäätöksiä tuloksista. Yleisesti voidaan todeta, että meriklusterin verkoston toiminta on suomalaisen meriteollisuuden kilpailukyvyn näkökulmasta avainasemassa. Verkoston kilpailukykyyn vaikuttavia havaittuja potentiaalisia tutkimusalueita ovat mm. miten verkostossa synnytetään ja vaalitaan kilpailukykyä edistäviä innovaatioita (liiketoiminta- sekä teknologiainnovaatiot), miten arvontuotossa ilmeneviä ongelmia verkostossa kommunikoidaan sekä esim. kilpailukykyisen toiminnan vaatiman integraation aste verkostossa. Verkoston tehokkuuteen ja tuottavuuteen vaikuttavia tutkimuksen arvoisia tekijöitä havaittiin olevan mm. toimintojen kypsyys, horisontaalinen ja vertikaalinen dynamiikka verkostossa sekä arvonmuodostuksen mekanismit. Tulevaisuuteen tähtäävän globaalin verkottuneen toiminnan näkökulmasta tutkimisen arvoista olisi mm. luottamuksen synnyttäminen virtuaalisessa verkostossa (toimijat ovat maantieteellisesti ja kulttuurisesti etäällä toisistaan), verkostotoiminnan kypsyys pk-sektorilla sekä arvontuottokyvykkyys verkoston välityksellä

Evaluating the business impacts of social media use with System Dynamics and Agent-Based Modeling : A Literature Review

Social media has been widely adopted as a useful business tool, especially in the domain of business to consumer marketing. However, the deployment of social media tools to business processes is hindered by the lack of concrete indicators of the effects its use has on the business process. Computer based modeling has been widely used to simulate and predict business effects in other streams of study, but relatively little in the evaluation of social media impacts. This paper argues that System Dynamics and Agent-Based Modeling have been and should be utilized in measuring social media and its impacts in business context in general, as well as in the context of business ecosystems. The authors review the current state of the use of these simulation methods in the evaluation of social media business impacts by conducting a systematic literature review.publishedVersionPeer reviewe