Climate change and pathways used by pests as challenges to plant health in agriculture and forestry.

Climate change already challenges people?s livelihood globally and it also affects plant health. Rising temperatures facilitate the introduction and establishment of unwanted organisms, including arthropods, pathogens, and weeds (hereafter collectively called pests). For example, a single, unusually warm winter under temperate climatic conditions may be sufficient to assist the establishment of invasive plant pests, which otherwise would not be able to establish. In addition, the increased market globalization and related transport of recent years, coupled with increased temperatures, has led to favorable conditions for pest movement, invasion, and establishment worldwide. Most published studies indicate that, in general, pest risk will increase in agricultural ecosystems under climate-change scenarios, especially in today?s cooler arctic, boreal, temperate, and subtropical regions. This is also mostly true for forestry. Some pests have already expanded their host range or distribution, at least in part due to changes in climate. Examples of these pests, selected according to their relevance in different geographical areas, are summarized here. The main pathways used by them, directly and/or indirectly, are also discussed. Understanding these path-ways can support decisions about mitigation and adaptation measures. The review concludes that preventive mitigation and adaptation measures, including biosecurity, are key to reducing the projected increases in pest risk in agriculture, horticulture, and forestry. Therefore, the sustainable management of pests is urgently needed. It requires holistic solutions, including effective phytosanitary regulations, globally coordinated diagnostic and surveillance systems, pest risk modeling and analysis, and preparedness for pro-active management

Impacts of climate change on plant diseases – opinions and trends

There has been a remarkable scientific output on the topic of how climate change is likely to affect plant diseases in the coming decades. This review addresses the need for review of this burgeoning literature by summarizing opinions of previous reviews and trends in recent studies on the impacts of climate change on plant health. Sudden Oak Death is used as an introductory case study: Californian forests could become even more susceptible to this emerging plant disease, if spring precipitations will be accompanied by warmer temperatures, although climate shifts may also affect the current synchronicity between host cambium activity and pathogen colonization rate. A summary of observed and predicted climate changes, as well as of direct effects of climate change on pathosystems, is provided. Prediction and management of climate change effects on plant health are complicated by indirect effects and the interactions with global change drivers. Uncertainty in models of plant disease development under climate change calls for a diversity of management strategies, from more participatory approaches to interdisciplinary science. Involvement of stakeholders and scientists from outside plant pathology shows the importance of trade-offs, for example in the land-sharing vs. sparing debate. Further research is needed on climate change and plant health in mountain, boreal, Mediterranean and tropical regions, with multiple climate change factors and scenarios (including our responses to it, e.g. the assisted migration of plants), in relation to endophytes, viruses and mycorrhiza, using long-term and large-scale datasets and considering various plant disease control methods

QTL mapping for brown rot (Monilinia fructigena) resistance in an intraspecific peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) F1 progeny

Brown rot (BR) caused by Monilinia spp. leads to significant post-harvest losses in stone fruit production, especially peach. Previous genetic analyses in peach progenies suggested that BR resistance segregates as a quantitative trait. In order to uncover genomic regions associated with this trait and identify molecular markers for assisted selection (MAS) in peach, an F1 progeny from the cross "Contender" (C, resistant) 7 "Elegant Lady" (EL, susceptible) was chosen for quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis. Over two phenotyping seasons, skin (SK) and flesh (FL) artificial infections were performed on fruits using a Monilinia fructigena isolate. For each treatment, infection frequency (if) and average rot diameter (rd) were scored. Significant seasonal and intertrait correlations were found. Maturity date (MD) was significantly correlated with disease impact. Sixty-three simple sequence repeats (SSRs) plus 26 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were used to genotype the C 7 EL population and to construct a linkage map. C 7 EL map included the eight Prunus linkage groups (LG), spanning 572.92 cM, with an average interval distance of 6.9 cM, covering 78.73 % of the peach genome (V1.0). Multiple QTL mapping analysis including MD trait as covariate uncovered three genomic regions associated with BR resistance in the two phenotyping seasons: one containing QTLs for SK resistance traits near M1a (LG C 7 EL-2, R2 = 13.1-31.5 %) and EPPISF032 (LG C 7 EL-4, R2 = 11-14 %) and the others containing QTLs for FL resistance, near markers SNP_IGA_320761 and SNP_IGA_321601 (LG3, R2 = 3.0-11.0 %). These results suggest that in the C 7 EL F1 progeny, skin resistance to fungal penetration and flesh resistance to rot spread are distinguishable mechanisms constituting BR resistance trait, associated with different genomic regions. Discovered QTLs and their associated markers could assist selection of new cultivars with enhanced resistance to Monilinia spp. in fruit

The airdraulic model of the respiratory system. Testing of the residual volume RC influence on the form of the forced expiratory curve

W pracy przedstawiono pneumatyczno-hydrauliczny model płuc. Pokazano, że objętość zalegającą RV można określić na podstawie testu natężonego wydechu. Eksperymenty przeprowadzono na modelu a następnie zweryfikowano na grupie 98 pacjentów (z różnymi rodzajami schorzeń). Pozytywne wyniki badań wskazują na istotną zależność między objętością zalegającą i początkiem natężonego wydechu (odpowiednie współczynniki korelacji > 0,9).The airdraulic mocel of the respiratory system is presented. It is shown, that the residual volume RV can be determined on basis of the forced expiratory test analysis. The experiments were made in using the model and verified on a group of 98 patients )with different kind of disease). The positive results indicate on the essential dependence between residual volume and the beginning of the forced expiration (adequate correlation coefficient > 0,9)

Spirometric transducers - normalization of the measuring conditions during respiratory parameters measurements

Parametry charakteryzujące mechanikę działania układu oddechowego związane są z objętością i prędkością wydychanego powietrza. Powietrze zawarte w płucach jest ciepłe i wilgotne. Mierzone jest na zewnątrz układu oddechowego, gdzie temperatura jest znacznie niższa. To powoduje zmniejszenie się objętości wydmuchanego powietrza, zgodnie z prawami fizyki. W celu uniknięcia błędów pomiarowych wynikających ze zmiany warunków fizycznych powietrza zaleca się stosowanie stałego współczynnika korekcyjnego. Taki sposób postępowania nie jest słuszny w odniesieniu do przepływowych przetworników spirometrycznych, które obecnie są najchętniej i najczęściej stosowane. W niniejszej pracy przeanalizowano wpływ otoczenia na wyniki pomiarów parametrów układu oddechowego różnymi przetwornikami. Oszacowano wartości błędów pomiaru wynikających z zastosowania przetworników w różnych sytuacjach pomiarowych. Szeroko przeanalizowano warunki pracy spirometrycznych przetworników przepływowych typu zwężkowego.The conditions of the spirometric parameters measurements depend to a different degree on both air features and the surroundings (temperature, pressure, humidity). The conversion coefficient KK allows for these influences. It gives the possibility to normalize all respiratory parameters that were measured in ATPS conditions and to present in BTPS, that are inside the lungs. The most substantial influence is ambient temperature, always lower then the temperature of expired air. The other factors (ambient pressure, humidity and patient body temperature) and can almost be neglected. Main attention should be paid to the bell transducer. Air flowing into it changes its temperature. Coefficient KK that is used is a function of the time and changes its value too. Steady-state temperature at the end of forced expiration depends on material features and also on air amount which is inside the bell at the very beginning. The influences discussed above can be avoided when the flow type spirometric transducer is used. The purposefully heated reducing pipe, recommended by some producers, gives stabilization of thermal conditions of spirometric measurements. As a result, total cross-section surface and flow resistance remain the same. The temperature has, however, substantial influence on air viscosity (inspired and expired). Simulations show that when one patient is tested independently of others it is better to use an unheated spirometric transducer, because the temperature influence shows a lower error. A similar conclusion can be reached after analyzing the changes of transducer flow resistance, being the result of air viscosity changes

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x, 399 p. : ill. ; 28 c