The Lexicographical Notes in Bilingual Dictionaries

Dictionary notes play an important role in description of a title unit. A note is an abbreviated word or phrase which gives a certain characteristic to the language unit. Traditionally, different types of notes are distinguished: grammatical, stylistic, sectoral, chronological, etc. The object of this research is a lexicographic note which can be justified if it demarks the usage sphere and language peculiarities of the title unit. The material for the research is bilingual (Russian-Tatar and Russian-Chinese) dictionaries of various types of the end of the 20th – beginning of the 21st centuries. The paper presents the results of comparative analysis of the notes system in bilingual dictionaries. The study revealed the following: 1) when lexical units are supplied with notes, the authors and compilers of bilingual dictionaries, as a rule, use the data from thesauri of the entry language, though not always consistently; 2) stylistic notes (разг., груб., бранн., сниж., пренебр., презр., etc.) do not have distinct boundaries, thus, a user may have difficulties seeing the difference between the properties; 3) the problem of singularia tantum and pluralia tantum words should be specially highlighted, namely, if one meaning of a word is singularia tantum and another is pluralia tantum; 4) a certain group of notes is rare in the analyzed dictionaries, for example, statistical notes, the notes pointing out the dialectical character of the described unites, etc. Terminological notes should be used only for describing polysemantic words to distinguish between their meanings and homonyms; 5) when using lexicographic notes, one of the linguography principles is often violated – to describe similar things in a similar way

Soluble species in aerosol and snow and their relationship at Glacier 1, Tien Shan, China

Simultaneous sampling of aerosol (n = 20) and snow (n = 114) was made at Glacier 1, Tien Shan, between May 19 and June 29, 1996. Similar temporal patterns of some major ion (calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, chloride, and sulfate) concentrations between snow and aerosol show that snow chemistry basically reflects changes in the chemistry of the atmosphere. This gives us confidence in the reconstruction of past atmospheric change using some snow data. There are no significant correlations between aerosol and snow samples for ammonium and nitrate. This suggests that post-depositional and/or post-collection processes may alter ammonium and nitrate concentrations in snow. The fact that the measured cations in aerosol and snow always exceed the measured anions suggests that the atmosphere is alkaline over Glacier 1, Tien Shan. In aerosol and snow samples, calcium is the dominant cationic species, with sulfate and presumed carbonate being the dominant anions. There is a very good inverse relationship (r = 0.96) between the equivalence ratio of calcium to sulfate and the ratio of ammonium to sulfate in aerosols, but this relationship does not hold for snow. This further suggests that post depositional and/or post collection processes exert important controls on ammonium concentrations in snow. Although melt-freeze cycles might increase the concentration of all crustal species through progressive dissolution of dust, these cycles seem most important for magnesium and carbonate

The Weddell Sea Region: An Important Precipitation Channel to the Interior of the Antarctic Ice Sheet as Revealed by Glaciochemical Investigation of Surface Snow Along the Longest Trans-Antarctic Route

Glaciochemical analysis of surface snow samples, collected along a profile crossing the Antarctic ice sheet from the Larsen Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula, via the Antarctic Plateau through South Pole, Vostok and Komsomolskaya to Mirny station (at the east margin of East Antarctica), shows that the Weddell Sea region is an important channel for air masses to the high plateau of the Antarctic ice sheet (\u3e2000 m a.s.l.). This opinion is supported by the following. (1) The fluxes of sea-salt ions such as Na+, Mg2+ and Cl− display a decreasing trend from the west to the east of interior Antarctica. In general, as sea-salt aerosols are injected into the atmosphere over the Antarctic ice sheet from the Weddell Sea, large aerosols tend to decrease. For the inland plateau, few large particles of sea-salt aerosol reach the area, and the sea-salt concentration levels are low. (2) The high altitude of the East Antarctic plateau, as well as the polar cold high-pressure system, obstruct the intrusive air masses mainly from the South Indian Ocean sector. (3) For the coastal regions of the East Antarctic ice sheet, the elevation rises to 2000 m over a distance from several to several tens of km. High concentrations of sea salt exist in snow in East Antarctica but are limited to a narrow coastal zone. (4) Fluxes of calcium and non-sea-salt sulfate in snow from the interior plateau do not display an eastward-decreasing trend. Since calcium is mainly derived from crustal sources, and nssSO42− is a secondary aerosol, this again confirms that the eastward-declining tendency of sea-salt ions indicates the transfer direction of precipitation vapor

Soluble Species in Aerosol and Snow and Their Relationship at Glacier 1, Tien Shan, China

Simultaneous sampling of aerosol (n = 20) and snow (n = 114) was made at Glacier 1, Tien Shan, between May 19 and June 29, 1996. Similar temporal patterns of some major ion (calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, chloride, and sulfate) concentrations between snow and aerosol show that snow chemistry basically reflects changes in the chemistry of the atmosphere. This gives us confidence in the reconstruction of past atmospheric change using some snow data. There are no significant correlations between aerosol and snow samples for ammonium and nitrate. This suggests that postdepositional and/or postcollection processes may alter ammonium and nitrate concentrations in snow. The fact that the measured cations in aerosol and snow always exceed the measured anions suggests that the atmosphere is alkaline over Glacier 1, Tien Shan. In aerosol and snow samples, calcium is the dominant cationic species, with sulfate and presumed carbonate being the dominant anions. There is a very good inverse relationship (r = 0.96) between the equivalence ratio of calcium to sulfate and the ratio of ammonium to sulfate in aerosols, but this relationship does not hold for snow. This further suggests that postdepositional and/or postcollection processes exert important controls on ammonium concentrations in snow. Although melt-freeze cycles might increase the concentration of all crustal species through progressive dissolution of dust, these cycles seem most important for magnesium and carbonate