Morphology Transformation in Pairs of Galaxies - The Local Sample

We present photometric analysis of a local sample of 14 isolated pairs of galaxies. The photometric properties analyzed in the local pairs are: colors, morphology, tidal effects and activity. We verify that close pairs have an excess of early-type galaxies and many elliptical galaxies in this pairs are, in fact, lenticular galaxies. Many late-pairs in our sample show strong tidal damage and blue star formation regions. We conclude that pairs of different morphologies may have passed through different evolution processes which violently transformed their morphology. Pairs with at least one early-type component may be descendents of groups of galaxies. However, late-type pairs are probably long-lived showing clearly signs of interaction. Some of them could be seen as an early stage of mergers. These photometric database will be used for future comparison with more distant pairs in order to study galaxy evolution.Comment: 14 pages LaTeX file, 7 gif figures, uses epsf.sty, l-aa.st

A hora legal brasileira no contexto do desenvolvimento industrial do século XX.

RESUMOA padronização da Hora no Brasil se deu como necessidade imediata do processo de urbanização e industrialização,assim como ocorreu nos países industrializados entre o final do século XIX e o início do século XX. No Brasil, a legalização da Hora ocorreu em 1913, demanda da comunidade científica, mas vinha atender também aos interesses econômicos do mundo do trabalho naquele momento.   Impunha-se a necessidade de padronizar o Tempo, estabelecer uma Hora legal e oficial que fosse seguida por todos e que facilitasse as relações de comércio.  Neste momento o Brasil adotou o marco zero de Greenwich, como vinha sendo adotado pelos demais países, legalizando a Hora e instituindo os diferentes fusos horários para o país.Palavras-chave: Hora Legal, padronização, industrialização, Brasil, século XX, Greenwich.  ABSTRACT The standardization of Legal Time in Brazil has occurred due to the urbanization and industrialization process that the country passed through, just like it has occurred in others industrialized countries, almost one century before, between the latest years of the ninety century and the beginning of the twenty century. The Legal Time in Brazil was created in 1913, as a suggestion of the scientific community, in order to satisfy the economic demand of the world of work and to facilitate the commercial exchanges. The Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) was adopted and four time zones were, then, introduced.Keywords: Legal time, standardization, industrialization, Brazil, século XX, Greenwich

Segurança Pública : Armar é Transferir o Papel do Estado para a Sociedade

It is important that the exercise of public security is aligned with the preservation of human rights and social needs. The Grounded Theory and Symbolic Interactionism were used as a method with 25 professional participants in the legal area, in a large-population city in Minas Gerais. The sources of evidence were the individual open interview and memos. The results demonstrated the need for improvements in public security, which is flawed, in addition to the influence of the deficit in police education and infrastructure. It is claimed that the Disarmament Statute came to contribute to legislation, to arm the population, under restrictions difficult to control, transferring the role of the State to the citizen. There is a need for social and personal development of the population, the weapon does not solve the security issue. Public security is a constitutionally established fundamental right and a duty of the State, guaranteeing the reduction of violence and crime is essential. The release of weapons is not a solution, relevant will be the social development of effective public policies, especially in the educational scope of citizen training. Descriptors: Safety; Firearms; Education; Social Change.Es relevante que el ejercicio de la seguridad pública esté alineado con la preservación de los derechos humanos y las necesidades sociales. El método utilizado fue el de la Teoría Fundamentada y el Interaccionismo Simbólico con 25 participantes que son profesionales del derecho en un municipio de gran población en Minas Gerais. Las fuentes de pruebas fueron las entrevistas abiertas individuales y los memorandos. Los resultados demostraron la necesidad de mejorar la seguridad pública, que es defectuosa, además de la influencia del déficit en educación e infraestructura policial. Se afirma que el Estatuto de Desarme vino a contribuir con la legislación, armando a la población, bajo restricciones difíciles de controlar, transfiriendo el papel del Estado al ciudadano. Es necesario el desarrollo social y personal de la población, el arma no resuelve la cuestión de la seguridad. La seguridad pública es un derecho fundamental constitucionalmente establecido y un deber del Estado, es esencial para garantizar la reducción de la violencia y la criminalidad. La liberación del arma no constituye una solución, es relevante el desarrollo social de políticas públicas efectivas, especialmente en el ámbito educativo de la formación ciudadana. Descriptores: Seguridad; Arma de fuego; Educación; Cambio social.  É relevante que o exercício da segurança pública esteja alinhado à preservação dos direitos humanos e às necessidades sociais. Utilizou-se como método a Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados e o Interacionismo Simbólico com 25 participantes, profissionais da área jurídica, em um município de grande porte populacional de Minas Gerais. As fontes de evidências foram: entrevista aberta individual e memorandos. Os resultados demonstraram a necessidade de melhorias na segurança pública, que é falha, além da influência do déficit na educação e na infraestrutura da polícia. Afirma-se que o Estatuto do Desarmamento veio para contribuir com a legislação, armar a população, com restrições difíceis de serem controladas, transfere o papel do Estado para o cidadão. Há necessidade de desenvolvimento social e pessoal da população, a arma não resolve a questão da segurança. Segurança pública é direito fundamental estabelecido constitucionalmente e dever do Estado, é essencial a garantia para redução da violência e da criminalidade. A liberação do armamento não se constitui uma solução, relevante será o desenvolvimento social de políticas públicas efetivas, especialmente no âmbito educacional de formação do cidadão. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Segurança; Arma de Fogo; Educação; Mudança Social

Prediction of microfibril angle for Eucalyptus microcorys wood by fiber length and basic density

Aim of the study was to estimate the influence of the fiber length and basic density on microfibril angle of Eucalyptus microcorys wood. The study area was in an experimental planting at the Universidade Federal de Lavras, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Three 37 year-old Eucalyptus microcorys trees were used, from whose stems six centimeter-thick discs were removed, cut at a high of three meters. The disks were sanded and planed to highlight the growth rings. Specimens were taken every 1.5 cm across the radius from pith to bark for determining microfibril angle, fiber length and wood basic density. The microfibril angles were determined by use of polarized light microscopy, while the fiber morphology and basic density were determined by usual methods. The averages found for microfibril angle (12.6°), fiber length (968 µm) and basic density (480 kg.m-3) are, in general, within the range of values reported for these characteristics of wood. The microfibril angle showed accentuated reduction of the average values in the pith-bark direction. The fiber length and basic density showed the opposite behavior. We observed that the density and fiber length may be used as an microfibril angle predictor, accounting for 96% and 79% of its variation, respectively

Concepts of indirect calorimetry on metabolic disorders: a narrative review

Introdução: A calorimetria indireta continua sendo um padrão ouro na avaliação do gasto energético de repouso no campo clínico. Por meio de suas medições, é possível oferecer as necessidades energéticas de um paciente para maximizar os benefícios da terapia nutricional. No entanto, os conceitos e as bases metodológicas dos dados coletados podem ser dificultosos para serem interpretados pelos usuários na prática clínica. Objetivo: abordar os conceitos de gasto energético diário total e seus componentes, e, apresentar os aspectos metodológicos da calorimetria indireta que podem servir como guia no campo clínico. Método: Revisão bibliográfica narrativa, realizada pelas bases de dados eletrônicas Pubmed (US National Library of Medicine), SCOPUS e Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO). A pesquisa foi realizada no período entre 1905-2019, utilizando os seguintes identificadores em Descritores em Ciências da Saúde: Metabolismo Basal, Metabolismo Energético e Calorimetria Indireta. Foram selecionadas 55 pesquisas publicadas que apresentaram conteúdos relacionados aos objetivos deste estudo. Resultado: O gasto energético total diário (GETD) é composto por três componentes principais, tais como: atividade física (AF), efeito térmico dos alimentos (TEF) e taxa metabólica basal (TMB) e / ou gasto energético de repouso (GER). O GER é geralmente avaliado por calorimetria indireta, que também fornece informações sobre o coeficiente respiratório (CR) e oxidação de substratos, que pode variar de acordo com o metabolismo do paciente, como algum distúrbio metabólico, obesidade ou desnutrição. Portanto, o manejo adequado dos aspectos metodológicos da calorimetria indireta e sua posterior interpretação nos distúrbios metabólicos é fundamental para garantir a qualidade dos resultados. Conclusão: Os conceitos de gasto energético e as bases metodológicas da calorimetria indireta são relevantes para fornecer uma atenção individualizada aos pacientes com distúrbios metabólicos. As descrições desta revisão podem ser utilizadas como um guia prático, auxiliando a compreensão da aplicação correta da técnica de calorimetria indireta, em estudos relacionados ao gasto energético com ênfase nos distúrbios metabólicos.Introduction: Indirect calorimetry remains a gold standard in measuring resting energy expenditure in the clinical field. Through its measurements, it is possible to offers a patient’s energy needs to maximize nutritional therapy benefits. However, the concepts and methodological basis of collected data can be difficult to be interpreted by users in clinical practice. Objective: To address the concepts of total daily energy expenditure and its components and present the methodological aspects of indirect calorimetry that can guide the clinical field. Method: Narrative bibliographic review using the electronic Pubmed (US National Library of Medicine), SCOPUS, and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SCIELO) databases. The research was carried out in the period between 1905-2019, using the following identifiers in Health Sciences Descriptors: Basal Metabolism, Energy Metabolism and Indirect Calorimetry. We selected 55 researches published that presented contents related to the objectives of this study. Result: The total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) is comprised of three main components, such as physical activity (PA), thermic effect of food (TEF) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) and/or resting energy expenditure (REE). The REE is generally evaluated by indirect calorimetry, which also provides information on the respiratory coefficient (RQ) or oxidation of substrates. Its result varies depending on the existence of some metabolic disorders such as obesity or malnutrition. Therefore, the proper management of the methodological aspects of indirect calorimetry and its subsequent interpretation in metabolic disorders is essential to guarantee the results’ quality. Conclusion: Energy expenditure concepts and the methodological basis of indirect calorimetry are relevant to providing individualized attention to patients with metabolic disorders. This review can be used as a practical guide, helping to understand the correct application of the indirect calorimetry technique in studies related to energy expenditure with an emphasis on metabolic disorders

Phylloseptin-1 is leishmanicidal for amastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis inside infected macrophages

Leishmania protozoans are the causal agents of neglected diseases that represent an important public health issue worldwide. The growing occurrence of drug-resistant strains of Leishmania and severe side effects of available treatments represent an important challenge for the leishmaniases treatment. We have previously reported the leishmanicidal activity of phylloseptin-1 (PSN-1), a peptide found in the skin secretion of Phyllomedusa azurea (=Pithecopus azureus), against Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes. However, its impact on the amastigote form of L. amazonensis and its impact on infected macrophages are unknown. In this work, we evaluated the effects of PSN-1 on amastigotes of L. amazonensis inside macrophages infected in vitro. We assessed the production of hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide, as well as the levels of inflammatory and immunomodulatory markers (TGF-β, TNF-α and IL-12), in infected and non-infected macrophages treated with PSN-1. Treatment with PSN-1 decreased the number of infected cells and the number of ingested amastigotes per cell when compared with the untreated cells. At 32 µM (64 µg/mL), PSN-1 reduced hydrogen peroxide levels in both infected and uninfected macrophages, whereas it had little effect on NO production or TGF-β release. The effect of PSN-1 on IL-12 and TNF-α secretion depended on its concentration, but, in general, their levels tended to increase as PSN-1 concentration increased. Further in vitro and in vivo studies are needed to clarify the mechanisms of action of PSN-1 and its interaction with the immune system aiming to develop pharmacological applications

Prediction of microfibril angle for "Eucalyptus microcorys" wood by fiber length and basic density

Aim of the study was to estimate the influence of the fiber length and basic density on microfibril angle of Eucalyptus microcorys wood. The study area was in an experimental planting at the Universidade Federal de Lavras, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Three 37 year-old Eucalyptus microcorys trees were used, from whose stems six centimeter-thick discs were removed, cut at a high of three meters. The disks were sanded and planed to highlight the growth rings. Specimens were taken every 1.5 cm across the radius from pith to bark for determining microfibril angle, fiber length and wood basic density. The microfibril angles were determined by use of polarized light microscopy, while the fiber morphology and basic density were determined by usual methods. The averages found for microfibril angle (12.6°), fiber length (968 µm) and basic density (480 kg.m-3) are, in general, within the range of values reported for these characteristics of wood. The microfibril angle showed accentuated reduction of the average values in the pith-bark direction. The fiber length and basic density showed the opposite behavior. We observed that the density and fiber length may be used as an microfibril angle predictor, accounting for 96% and 79% of its variation, respectively