Études biochimiques et cellulaires de tyrosine-kinases bactériennes

Bacteria possess a particular family of tyrosine-autokinases named BY-kinases. These enzymes are involved in the regulation of numerous cellular functions including the synthesis and export of extracellular polysaccharides that play a critical role in the virulence of different bacterial pathogens. However, the mechanisms of these processes remain unknown. The aim of my thesis was to characterize the role of these BY-kinases by structural and functional approaches. For that, I have realized three independent studies in three bacterial models. In Escherichia coli, I have characterized the interaction surface between the BY-kinase Wzc and its cognate phosphatase Wzb to understand how Wzb dephosphorylates Wzc. In Staphylococcus aureus, I have studied structurally the pseudo-BY-kinase CapB1. By comparison with the structure of its active homologue CapB2, my studies have allowed to suggest the existence of a mechanism controlling capsular polysaccharides synthesis involving both CapB1 and CapB2. Last, in Streptococcus pneumoniae, I have showed that while the autophosphorylation of the BY-kinase CpsD is necessary for proper synthesis of capsular polysaccharides, it is also involved in cell division. Thus, my work shows that a mechanism coordinating capsule production and cellular cycle exists in the pneumococcus. These works constitute a preliminary and promising step toward the development of new molecules, targeting specifically BY-kinases and aim to combat the virulence of bacterial pathogensLes bactéries possèdent une famille particulière de tyrosine-autokinases, les BY-kinases. Ces enzymes sont impliquées dans la régulation de plusieurs processus cellulaires dont la synthèse et l'export des polysaccharides extracellulaires qui jouent un rôle crucial dans la virulence de certaines bactéries pathogènes. Cependant, les mécanismes de régulation sous-jacents sont inconnus. L'objectif de ma thèse a été de caractériser d'un point de vue structural et fonctionnel le rôle des BY-kinases. Pour cela, j'ai réalisé trois études indépendantes dans trois modèles bactériens différents. Chez Escherichia coli, j'ai identifié et étudié la surface d'interaction entre la BY-kinase Wzc et sa phosphatase associée Wzb afin de comprendre comment Wzb déphosphoryle Wzc. Chez Staphylococcus aureus, j'ai participé à la caractérisation structurale de la pseudo-BY-kinase CapB1. Par comparaison avec la structure de son homologue actif CapB2, mes études ont permis de suggérer l'existence d'un mécanisme de régulation de la synthèse des polysaccharides extracellulaires impliquant CapB2 et CapB1. Enfin, chez Streptococcus pneumoniae, j'ai mis en évidence que si l'autophosphorylation de la BY-kinase CpsD était indispensable à la synthèse de la capsule polysaccharidique, elle était également indispensable à la division de la cellule. Ainsi, mes travaux ont permis de proposer l'existence d'un mécanisme de coordination de la production de la capsule et du cycle cellulaire du pneumocoque. D'un point de vue appliqué, l'ensemble de mes travaux représente une étape préalable et prometteuse au développement de nouvelles molécules, ciblant les BY-kinases de manière spécifique, afin de lutter contre la virulence de certaines bactéries pathogène

Biochemical and cellular studies of bacterial tyrosine-kinases

Les bactéries possèdent une famille particulière de tyrosine-autokinases, les BY-kinases. Ces enzymes sont impliquées dans la régulation de plusieurs processus cellulaires dont la synthèse et l'export des polysaccharides extracellulaires qui jouent un rôle crucial dans la virulence de certaines bactéries pathogènes. Cependant, les mécanismes de régulation sous-jacents sont inconnus. L'objectif de ma thèse a été de caractériser d'un point de vue structural et fonctionnel le rôle des BY-kinases. Pour cela, j'ai réalisé trois études indépendantes dans trois modèles bactériens différents. Chez Escherichia coli, j'ai identifié et étudié la surface d'interaction entre la BY-kinase Wzc et sa phosphatase associée Wzb afin de comprendre comment Wzb déphosphoryle Wzc. Chez Staphylococcus aureus, j'ai participé à la caractérisation structurale de la pseudo-BY-kinase CapB1. Par comparaison avec la structure de son homologue actif CapB2, mes études ont permis de suggérer l'existence d'un mécanisme de régulation de la synthèse des polysaccharides extracellulaires impliquant CapB2 et CapB1. Enfin, chez Streptococcus pneumoniae, j'ai mis en évidence que si l'autophosphorylation de la BY-kinase CpsD était indispensable à la synthèse de la capsule polysaccharidique, elle était également indispensable à la division de la cellule. Ainsi, mes travaux ont permis de proposer l'existence d'un mécanisme de coordination de la production de la capsule et du cycle cellulaire du pneumocoque. D'un point de vue appliqué, l'ensemble de mes travaux représente une étape préalable et prometteuse au développement de nouvelles molécules, ciblant les BY-kinases de manière spécifique, afin de lutter contre la virulence de certaines bactéries pathogènesBacteria possess a particular family of tyrosine-autokinases named BY-kinases. These enzymes are involved in the regulation of numerous cellular functions including the synthesis and export of extracellular polysaccharides that play a critical role in the virulence of different bacterial pathogens. However, the mechanisms of these processes remain unknown. The aim of my thesis was to characterize the role of these BY-kinases by structural and functional approaches. For that, I have realized three independent studies in three bacterial models. In Escherichia coli, I have characterized the interaction surface between the BY-kinase Wzc and its cognate phosphatase Wzb to understand how Wzb dephosphorylates Wzc. In Staphylococcus aureus, I have studied structurally the pseudo-BY-kinase CapB1. By comparison with the structure of its active homologue CapB2, my studies have allowed to suggest the existence of a mechanism controlling capsular polysaccharides synthesis involving both CapB1 and CapB2. Last, in Streptococcus pneumoniae, I have showed that while the autophosphorylation of the BY-kinase CpsD is necessary for proper synthesis of capsular polysaccharides, it is also involved in cell division. Thus, my work shows that a mechanism coordinating capsule production and cellular cycle exists in the pneumococcus. These works constitute a preliminary and promising step toward the development of new molecules, targeting specifically BY-kinases and aim to combat the virulence of bacterial pathogen

Regulatory interactions between a bacterial tyrosine kinase and its cognate phosphatase.

International audienceThe cyclic process of autophosphorylation of the C-terminal tyrosine cluster (YC) of a bacterial tyrosine kinase and its subsequent dephosphorylation following interactions with a counteracting tyrosine phosphatase regulates diverse physiological processes, including the biosynthesis and export of polysaccharides responsible for the formation of biofilms or virulence-determining capsules. We provide here the first detailed insight into this hitherto uncharacterized regulatory interaction at residue-specific resolution using Escherichia coli Wzc, a canonical bacterial tyrosine kinase, and its opposing tyrosine phosphatase, Wzb. The phosphatase Wzb utilizes a surface distal to the catalytic elements of the kinase, Wzc, to dock onto its catalytic domain (WzcCD). WzcCD binds in a largely YC-independent fashion near the Wzb catalytic site, inducing allosteric changes therein. YC dephosphorylation is proximity-mediated and reliant on the elevated concentration of phosphorylated YC near the Wzb active site resulting from WzcCD docking. Wzb principally recognizes the phosphate of its phosphotyrosine substrate and further stabilizes the tyrosine moiety through ring stacking interactions with a conserved active site tyrosine

RNA-Seq comparative study reveals molecular effectors linked to the resistance of Pinna nobilis to Haplosporidium pinnae parasite

International audienceAbstract With the intensification of maritime traffic, recently emerged infectious diseases have become major drivers in the decline and extinction of species. Since 2016, mass mortality events have decimated the endemic Mediterranean Sea bivalve Pinna nobilis, affecting ca. 100% of individuals. These events have largely been driven by Haplosporidium pinnae ’s infection, an invasive species which was likely introduced by shipping. While monitoring wild populations of P. nobilis , we observed individuals that survived such a mass mortality event during the summer of 2018 (France). We considered these individuals resistant, as they did not show any symptoms of the disease, while the rest of the population in the area was devastated. Furthermore, the parasite was not detected when we conducted a PCR amplification of a species-specific fragment of the small subunit ribosomal DNA. In parallel, the transcriptomic analysis showed evidence of some parasite RNA indicating that the resistant individuals had been exposed to the parasite without proliferating. To understand the underlying mechanisms of resistance in these individuals, we compared their gene expression with that of susceptible individuals. We performed de novo transcriptome assembly and annotated the expressed genes. A comparison of the transcriptomes in resistant and susceptible individuals highlighted a gene expression signature of the resistant phenotype. We found significant differential expressions of genes involved in immunity and cell architecture. This data provides the first insights into how individuals escape the pathogenicity associated with infection

Comparative analysis of the Tyr-kinases CapB1 and CapB2 fused to their cognate modulators CapA1 and CapA2 from Staphylococcus aureus.

A particular class of tyrosine-kinases sharing no structural similarity with eukaryotic tyrosine-kinases has been evidenced in a large array of bacterial species. These bacterial tyrosine-kinases are able to autophosphorylate on a C-terminal tyrosine-rich motif. Their autophosphorylation has been shown to play a crucial role in the biosynthesis or export of capsular polysaccharide. The analysis of the first crystal structure of the staphylococcal tyrosine kinase CapB2 associated with the activating domain of the transmembrane modulator CapA1 had brought conclusive explanation for both the autophosphorylation and activation processes. In order to explain why CapA1 activates CapB2 more efficiently than its cognate transmembrane modulator CapA2, we solved the crystal structure of CapA2B2 and compared it with the previously published structure of CapA1B2. This structural analysis did not provide the expected clues about the activation discrepancy observed between the two modulators. Staphylococcus aureus also encodes for a CapB2 homologue named CapB1 displaying more than 70% sequence similarity and being surprisingly nearly unable to autophosphorylate. We solved the crystal structure of CapA1B1 and carefully compare it with the structure of CapA1B2. The active sites of both proteins are highly conserved and the biochemical characterization of mutant proteins engineered to test the importance of small structural discrepancies identified between the two structures did not explain the inactivity of CapB1. We thus tested if CapB1 could phosphorylate other protein substrates or hydrolyze ATP. However, no activity could be detected in our in vitro assays. Taken together, these data question about the biological role of the homologous protein pairs CapA1/CapB1 and CapA2/CapB2 and we discuss about several possible interpretations

Autophosphorylation of the Bacterial Tyrosine-Kinase CpsD Connects Capsule Synthesis with the Cell Cycle in Streptococcus pneumoniae.

International audienceBacterial capsular polysaccharides (CPS) are produced by a multi-protein membrane complex, in which a particular type of tyrosine-autokinases named BY-kinases, regulate their polymerization and export. However, our understanding of the role of BY-kinases in these processes remains incomplete. In the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae, the BY-kinase CpsD localizes at the division site and participates in the proper assembly of the capsule. In this study, we show that the cytoplasmic C-terminal end of the transmembrane protein CpsC is required for CpsD autophosphorylation and localization at mid-cell. Importantly, we demonstrate that the CpsC/CpsD complex captures the polysaccharide polymerase CpsH at the division site. Together with the finding that capsule is not produced at the division site in cpsD and cpsC mutants, these data show that CPS production occurs exclusively at mid-cell and is tightly dependent on CpsD interaction with CpsC. Next, we have analyzed the impact of CpsD phosphorylation on CPS production. We show that dephosphorylation of CpsD induces defective capsule production at the septum together with aberrant cell elongation and nucleoid defects. We observe that the cell division protein FtsZ assembles and localizes properly although cell constriction is impaired. DAPI staining together with localization of the histone-like protein HlpA further show that chromosome replication and/or segregation is defective suggesting that CpsD autophosphorylation interferes with these processes thus resulting in cell constriction defects and cell elongation. We show that CpsD shares structural homology with ParA-like ATPases and that it interacts with the chromosome partitioning protein ParB. Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy imaging demonstrates that CpsD phosphorylation modulates the mobility of ParB. These data support a model in which phosphorylation of CpsD acts as a signaling system coordinating CPS synthesis with chromosome segregation to ensure that daughter cells are properly wrapped in CPS

Gene profiling reveals a contact allergy signature in most positive Amerchol L-101 patch-test reactions

Background: Diagnosis of contact allergy (CA) to Amerchol L-101 (AL-101), a marker for lanolin allergy, is problematic. Positive patch-test reactions are frequently doubtful or weakly positive and difficult to associate with clinical relevance. Objective: To gain further insight on the allergic or irritant nature of skin reactions induced by AL-101 patch test. Methods: We re-tested in a dose–response fashion, 10 subjects with AL-101 CA and performed comprehensive transcriptomic analysis (gene arrays, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction [qRT-PCR]) of samples of their skin reactions. Results: Eight of the 10 CA subjects reacted positively upon re-test, whereas two did not react. Most of AL-101 positive patch tests expressed an allergy signature with strong activation of gene modules associated with adaptive immunity and downregulation of cornification pathway genes. In addition, the breadth of gene modulation correlated with the magnitude of patch-test reactions and the concentration of AL-101 applied. However, we observed that some of the positive patch-test reactions to AL-101 expressed no/few allergy biomarkers, suggesting the induction of an irritant skin inflammation in these samples. Conclusions: This study confirms that AL-101 is an allergen that can cause both contact allergy and contact irritation. Our results also highlight that molecular profiling might help to strengthen clinical diagnosis

Dichotomy in Neutralizing Antibody Induction to Peptide-Conjugated Vaccine in Squalene Emulsion Contrast With Aluminum Hydroxide Formulation

International audienceW614A-3S peptide is a modified 3S motif of the HIV-gp41 (mutation W614A). We previously detected the presence of natural neutralizing antibodies directed against W614A-3S peptide (NAbs) in long-term non-progressor HIV + patients. Here, we compared the efficacy of W614A-3S peptide formulated in either squalene emulsion (SQE) or in aluminum hydroxide (Alum) in inducing broadly-NAbs (bNAbs). Rabbit and mouse models were used to screen the induction of bNAbs following 4 immunizations. SQE was more efficient than Alum formulation in inducing W614A-3S-specific bNAbs with up to 67%–93% of HIV strains neutralized. We then analyzed the quality of peptide-specific murine B cells by single-cell gene expression by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and single-cell V(D)J sequencing. We found more frequent germinal center B cells in SQE than in Alum, albeit with a different gene expression profile. The V(D)J sequencing of W614A-3S-specific BCR showed significant differences in BCR sequences and validates the dichotomy between adjuvant formulations. All sixteen BCR sequences which were cloned were specific of peptide. Adjuvant formulations of W614A-3S-peptide-conjugated immunogen impact the quantity and quality of B cell immune responses at both the gene expression level and BCR sequence

Analysis of <i>cpsD-3YF</i> and <i>cpsD-3YE</i> mutants.

<p>(A) Localization of GFP fused to CpsD-3YE in WT cells (upper row) and CpsD-3YF in WT (middle row) and <i>cpsC-</i>Δ<i>Cter</i> (lower row) cells. Phase contrast (left), GFP fluorescent signal (middle) and overlays (right) between phase contrast (red) and GFP (green) images are shown. The map of CpsD-3YE-GFP and CpsD-3YF-GFP fluorescence profiles of 350–400 cells is shown. Scale bar, 2 μm. (B) Transmission electron micrograph of WT (left panel), <i>cpsD-3YE</i> (middle panel) and <i>cpsD-3YF</i> (right panel) strains. Arrows indicate defective septal initiations. Scale bar, 0.2 μm. (C) Localization of FtsZ-GFP in WT, <i>cpsD-3YE</i> and <i>cpsD-3YF</i> cells. Phase contrast (left), GFP fluorescent signal (middle) and overlays (right) between phase contrast (red) and GFP (green) images as well as the map of FtsZ-GFP fluorescence profiles of 350–400 <i>cpsD-3YF</i> and <i>cpsD-3YE</i> cells are shown. Scale bar, 2 μm.</p

Bacterial strains, plasmids and primers used in this study.

a<p>Forward and reverse primers are represented by plus (+) or minus (−), respectively.</p>b<p>restriction sites are italicized.</p>c<p>The bases mutated from those present in the wild type are bold.</p