Associações entre besouros escarabeíneos e mamíferos de médio e grande porte da Mata Atlântica em Santa Catarina, Brasil

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Florianópolis, 2014.Os escarabeíneos estão ecológica e evolutivamente ligados aos mamíferos já que se alimentam e nidificam usando suas fezes e carcaças; assim, dependem da qualidade e quantidade desses recursos, que muitas vezes é escasso temporal ou espacialmente. Efeitos decorrentes da defaunação da mastofauna podem ter importantes implicações na estrutura das comunidades de escarabeíneos e sugerem efeitos em cascata, tais como, a redução da dispersão secundária de sementes, da incorporação de matéria orgânica no solo e o comprometimento de serviços ecossistêmicos dependentes desses grupos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a relação entre a riqueza de mamíferos e de escarabeíneos com base na hipótese de que a estruturação das comunidades de escarabeíneos está relacionada à composição de mamíferos, assim como à estrutura do hábitat e à distância espacial entre locais. Além disso, visou avaliar a atratividade de espécies de escarabeíneos em relação à oferta de fezes de mamíferos nativos de guildas tróficas diferentes, assumindo a hipótese de que a atratividade irá variar de acordo com a espécie de escarabeíneos e com tipo de fezes. O estudo foi conduzido em seis Unidades de Conservação localizadas na Serra Geral Catarinense, onde foram estabelecidas 15 estações de amostragem. Os registros mastofaunísticos foram realizados entre os anos 2005 e 2011, com armadilhas fotográficas. Nas mesmas estações, entre 2009 e 2013 foram coletados os escarabeíneos seguindo protocolo padrão através de armadilhas de queda. Para a avaliação da atratividade alimentar foram utilizadas como isca fezes de carnívoros (Puma concolor: puma), onívoros (Cerdocyon thous: graxaim e Sapajus nigritus: macaco-prego) e herbívoros (Tapirus terrestris: anta) em cinco áreas no Parque Estadual da Serra do Tabuleiro, com quatro armadilhas de queda em cada área, em três campanhas no verão de 2013. As análises para verificar a associação entre escarabeíneos e mamíferos incluíram, para os mamíferos: dados de riqueza e índices de dissimilaridade; e, para as comunidades de escarabeíneos: riqueza, abundância, biomassa e índices de dissimilaridade. As análises estatísticas entre dados de escarabeíneos e mamíferos foram correlações e partição da variação dos fatores envolvidos, objetivando isolar efeitos da mastofauna, da complexidade estrutural de hábitats e da distância espacial na explicação da variação das comunidades de escarabeíneos. Para analisar o uso do recurso das espécies calculou-se o índice de Rodgers para experimentos tipo ?cafeteria?. A riqueza de mamíferos foi de 29 espécies, havendo 5 a 15 espécies por estação, os escarabeíneos somaram 4.120 indivíduos de 43 espécies (variando entre 7 e 21 espécies/estação), com biomassa total por estação entre 3,2 g e 90,6 g. A análise de correlação demonstrou significância entre a riqueza e biomassa de escarabeíneos em relação à riqueza de mamíferos, assim como, a riqueza de escarabeíneos em relação à riqueza de mamíferos onívoros e de médio porte. A partição da variação demonstrou que a composição, abundância, biomassa total e biomassa média de escarabeíneos foram mais influenciadas pela composição da mastofauna, mas que, paralelo a isso, a distância espacial entre as estações aliada a mastofauna também foram importantes. Na avaliação da atratividade coletou-se 426 indivíduos de 17 espécies. As iscas que tiveram maior atratividade foram fezes de C. thous (59% dos indivíduos) e S. nigritus (23%) registrando 15 e 12 espécies, respectivamente, enquanto que o recurso dos outros mamíferos registrou oito espécies cada. O índice Rodgers demonstrou que a maior atratividade de todas as espécies foi por fezes de C. thous, em detrimento das demais. Estes resultados mostram a importância da mastofauna na composição e estruturação das comunidades de escarabeíneos e que, portanto, a manutenção dos processos ecológicos dependentes desses dois grupos, na Mata Atlântica, pode estar ameaçada pelas mudanças na paisagem e redução de populações de mamíferos, que dessa forma, potencialmente aumentam a sensibilidade de um dos biomas neotropicais mais reduzidos e ameaçados.Abstract : The dung beetles are ecologically and evolutionarily linked to mammals due to their feeding and nesting behavior on mammals feces and carcasses; thus, they are dependent of the quality and quantity of these resources, which are often scarce temporally or spatially. Effects of mammalian species defaunation might have important implications for the dung beetles community structure, suggesting cascade effects, such as the reduction of secondary seed dispersal, organic matter incorporation in the soil and commitment of ecosystem services dependent on these groups. The main objective of the study was to evaluate the relationship between the richness of mammals affecting dung beetles, based on the hypothesis that the dung beetles community structure is related to the mammal's composition, as well as habitat structure and spatial distance between sites. Furthermore, aimed evaluate the attractiveness of dung beetles species related to the offer of feces native mammals of different trophic guilds, assuming the hypothesis that the attractiveness will change according to the feces type, which will influence the community structuring by the competition process. The study was conducted in six protected areas located at Serra Geral Catarinense, where 15 sampling stations were established. The mammals were recorded by using of camera traps between the years of 2005-2011. The dung beetles were collected at the same stations during 2009-2013. The beetles sampling was made by following standard protocol through pitfall traps. For the assessment of food attractiveness were used carnivores (Puma concolor: puma), omnivores (Cerdocyon thous: crab-eating fox and Sapajus nigritus: black-horned capuchin) and herbivores (Tapirus terrestris: lowland tapir) bait feces, in five areas in the Serra do Tabuleiro State Park, with four pitfall traps in each area, in three campaigns in the summer of 2013. The analyzes to verify dung beetles and mammals association included, for mammals, richness data and dissimilarity indices, and for dung beetles community, richness, abundance, biomass and dissimilarity indices. Correlations and variation partitioning of the involved factors were made to describe the relationship between mammals and dung beetles, in order to isolate the mammals effects, habitat structural complexity and spatial distance to explain the variation of dung beetles communities. To analyze the use of the resources we calculated the Rodgers index for experiments like "cafeteria". The mammals species richness was 29, with 5 to 15 species per station, the dung beetles reached 4,120 individuals of 43 species (ranging from 7 to 21 species/station), with total biomass per station between 3.2 g and 90.6 g. The correlation analysis showed significance between dung beetles richness and biomass related to mammal richness, as well as the dung beetles richness related to both, omnivorous and midsize mammal richness. The partition of variation showed that the dung beetles composition, abundance, total and average biomass were more influenced by the mammals composition, but parallel to this, the spatial distance among the stations and mammals was also important. According to the attractiveness evaluation 426 individuals of 17 species were collected. C. thous and S. nigritus feces baited traps attracted the highest dung beetles individuals number (59 % and 23 %, respectively), recording 15 and 12 species, respectively, while traps baited with other mammals feces recorded eight species each. The Rodgers index showed that the greater attractiveness in all species was feces C. thous, at the expense of others. These results show the mammals importance on both, dung beetles composition and community structure. Therefore, at the Atlantic Forest, ecological processes maintenance, dependent on these two groups, can be threatened by landscape changes and mammals population reduction, thus potentially increase the sensitivity of one of the most reduced and threatened neotropical biomes

Wish you were here: How defaunated is the Atlantic Forest biome of its medium- to large-bodied mammal fauna?

Mammals represent the largest-bodied elements of the world’s surviving megafauna and provide several key ecosystems services, yet their populations are often under steep decline throughout the tropics. Anthropogenic defaunation is one the most important contemporary threats to modern mammal faunas. Although the Atlantic Forest biome of South America shows several clear signs of defaunation, the extent to which this biome has lost its mammal fauna remains poorly understood. Here, we collate and analyze a comprehensive body of secondary data to quantitatively assess the spatial patterns of defaunation of all medium- to large-bodied Atlantic Forest mammals which were then classed by morpho-ecological traits. We used a Defaunation Index, which was scaled-up to the entire biome using kriging interpolation, to examine the integrity of site-specific mammal faunas. We further use environmental and socioeconomic predictors to explain the drivers of defaunation. Our results show high levels of defaunation (>0.5) for most of the Atlantic Forest. Apex predators, other carnivores, large-bodied mammals and large herbivores were among the most defaunated functional groups. Remaining native vegetation cover, forest fragment size, and the largest neighboring forest remnant were the main negative predictors of defaunation. We conclude that medium- to large-bodied Atlantic Forest mammals are under high levels of threat due to historical population losses that continue today. A conservation action plan thus becomes imperative to prevent this biome from becoming an even “emptier forest”, severely compromising patterns of diversity, ecological processes and ecosystem functioning

Influencias climáticas en la dieta del delfín costero del litoral brasileño

The Guiana dolphin (Sotalia guianensis) is a small-bodied dolphin distributed along the Atlantic coast from Honduras to southern Brazil. It preys on fish, squid and shrimps. Several seminal studies have described its diet, yet relationships between the species’ feeding plasticity and climate gradients remain unknown. We compiled a large database of Guiana dolphin stomach remains from southeast coastal Brazil. We described the species’ diet using a number of descriptors, multivariate analysis of variance to test possible differentiation in diet composition, and the Morisita index to estimate the extent of trophic niche overlap between groups. We also analysed feeding plasticity using a regression tree analysis followed by an ordination analysis. We present new records of prey for the species in Brazil. Our results suggest that the Guiana dolphin has opportunistic feeding habits, which may exhibit the species’ feeding plasticity. Such feeding plasticity is associated with the capability to prey throughout a wide array of climate conditions. From a conservation ecology perspective, we conclude that estuaries—even ones that are over-depleted and succumbing to human impacts—are paramount environments for the Guiana dolphin, serving as important sources of prey for the species and other sympatric marine mammals.Sotalia guianensis es un delfín de pequeño porte cuya área de ditribución abarca el litoral atlántico desde Honduras hasta el sur de Brasil. Al día de la fecha, pese a que la dieta de este delfín ya ha sido descrita en anteriores trabajos, las posibles relaciones entre la ingesta de determinadas presas y los cambios en las variables ambientales aún se ignoran. En nuestro trabajo, describimos la dieta de estos delfines a través del análisis de contenidos estomacales y recopilamos una extensa base de datos a efectos de desvendar posibles patrones en la ecologia trófica de la especie a lo largo de la costa atlántica sudoriental brasileña. Usamos un conjunto de descriptores para caracterizar la dieta de estos delfines, probamos posibles diferencias por medio de un análisis de variancia multivariada y cuantificamos el grado de solapamiento trófico entre grupos utilizando el índice de Morisita. Además, analizamos la plasticidad trófica de la especie por medio de un árbol de regresión seguido de una ordenación. Presentamos nuevos registros de presas para la especie en Brasil. Los principales resultados que obtuvimos confirman los hábitos oportunistas que caracterizan a estos delfines y evidencian que sus presas más frecuentes y abundantes son a su vez abundantes en estuarios, como peces pertenecientes a la familia Sciaenidae. Dichos hábitos oportunistas podrían estar relacionados con la característica plasticidad trófica de la especie. Corroboramos que la plasticidad trófica del delfín costero se debe a su capacidad de predar en un amplio rango de condiciones climáticas, aunque sus presas más comunes se encuentran en estuarios. Desde el punto de vista de la Ecología de la Conservación, concluímos que los estuarios son ambientes de relevante importancia para estos delfines y otros mamíferos marinos simpátricos, por ser éstos una importante fuente de recursos alimenticios, aunque están en ambientes que soportan un fuerte impacto antrópico

Editorial : Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Metacommunities - Implications for Conservation and Management

According to metacommunity theory (Leibold et al., 2004), the structure of local communities results from the interplay between local factors (e.g., environmental filtering, species interactions) and regional factors (e.g., dispersal rates, landscape configuration). The relative importance of these factors is highly dependent on the organisms’ biological traits, landscape connectivity, and the spatial and temporal scales considered (Heino et al., 2015; Tonkin et al., 2018; Viana and Chase, 2019; Almeida-Gomes et al., 2020; Cañedo-Argüelles et al., 2020; Lansac-Tôha et al., 2021). However, the differences in metacommunity assembly mechanisms found among studies are far from being fully understood. The evaluation of temporal dynamics of metacommunities has only emerged recently (Cañedo-Argüelles et al., 2020; Jabot et al., 2020; Li et al., 2020; Lindholm et al., 2021) and the application of the metacommunity theory in other fields, such as biomonitoring, conservation biology or ecosystem restoration, is yet to be fully explored (Bengtsson, 2010; Heino, 2013; Leibold and Chase, 2018; Chase et al., 2020; Cid et al., 2020; Heino et al., 2021). In this Research Topic, our aim was to invite researchers working in different biogeographic regions and ecological systems (Figure 1) to publish a number of innovative papers on metacommunity spatio-temporal dynamics. We expect to obtain a better understanding of how the factors and processes that structure metacommunities vary in space and time, as well as the implications of such dynamics for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem management

The historical ecology of the world’s largest tropical country uniquely chronicled by its municipal coat-of-arms symbology

Coats-of-arms representing municipal counties express local patterns of rural economics, natural resource and land use, features of the natural capital, and the cultural heritage of either aborigines or colonists. We reconstruct the subnational economic and political timeline of the world’s largest tropical country using municipal coats-of-arms to reinterpret Brazil’s historical ecology. We assessed all natural resource, biophysical, agricultural, and ethnocultural elements of 5,197 coats-of-arms (93.3%) distributed throughout Brazil. We extracted socioenvironmental co-variables for any municipality to understand and predict the relationships between social inequality, environmental degradation, and the historical ecology symbology. We analyzed data via ecological networks and structural equation models. Our results show that the portfolio of political-administrative symbology in coats-of-arms is an underutilized tool to understand the history of colonization frontiers. Although Brazil is arguably Earth’s most species-rich country, generations of political leaders have historically failed to celebrate this biodiversity, instead prioritizing a symbology depicted by icons of frontier conquest and key natural resources. Brazilian historical ecology reflects the relentless depletion of the natural resource capital while ignoring profound social inequalities. Degradation of natural ecosystems is widespread in Brazilian economy, reflecting a legacy of boom-and-bust rural development that so far has failed to deliver sustainable socioeconomic prosperity

ATLANTIC-CAMTRAPS: a dataset of medium and large terrestrial mammal communities in the Atlantic Forest of South America

Our understanding of mammal ecology has always been hindered by the difficulties of observing species in closed tropical forests. Camera trapping has become a major advance for monitoring terrestrial mammals in biodiversity rich ecosystems. Here we compiled one of the largest datasets of inventories of terrestrial mammal communities for the Neotropical region based on camera trapping studies. The dataset comprises 170 surveys of medium to large terrestrial mammals using camera traps conducted in 144 areas by 74 studies, covering six vegetation types of tropical and subtropical Atlantic Forest of South America (Brazil and Argentina), and present data on species composition and richness. The complete dataset comprises 53,438 independent records of 83 species of mammals, includes 10 species of marsupials, 15 rodents, 20 carnivores, eight ungulates and six armadillos. Species richness averaged 13 species (±6.07 SD) per site. Only six species occurred in more than 50% of the sites: the domestic dog Canis familiaris, crab-eating fox Cerdocyon thous, tayra Eira barbara, south American coati Nasua nasua, crab-eating raccoon Procyon cancrivorus and the nine-banded armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus. The information contained in this dataset can be used to understand macroecological patterns of biodiversity, community, and population structure, but also to evaluate the ecological consequences of fragmentation, defaunation, and trophic interactions. © 2017 by the Ecological Society of Americ

Contingência versus determinismo: o papel dos paradigmas neutros e de nicho nos padrões de diversidade de mamíferos na Mata Atlântica Sulamericana

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Florianópolis, 2018A Mata Atlântica Sulamericana está entre as cinco ecorregiões com maior biodiversidade do mundo. Essa ecorregião apresenta uma grande variação na diversidade de hábitats e de formações vegetais que são acompanhadas por grandes variações nos padrões de diversidade e endemismo de vários grupos taxonômicos. Entretanto, a Mata Atlântica é também uma das regiões mais ameaçadas do planeta, por fatores como perda e fragmentação de hábitats, isolamento, defaunação e introdução de espécies exóticas. Da formação original restam cerca de 12% de cobertura vegetal com conectividade reduzida e fragmentos pequenos e perturbados. Na porção subtropical, as terras altas da Mata Atlântica são caracterizadas por mosaicos de vegetação de campo e florestas espacialmente restritos e amplamente ameaçados por mudanças climáticas e de uso do solo. Nas suas terras altas, a presença marcante da conífera ameaçada Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol) Ktze. (Araucária) formam a Floresta Ombrófila Mista (FOM), a qual tem sido usada como proxy para estratégias de conservação. A FOM teve forte influência antropogênica desde o período pré-colombiano com Araucárias sendo expandidas pelos povos Xokleng e Kaingang até as contemporâneas reduções na distribuição geradas pela exploração madeireira por quase um século, desde 1900 até meados dos anos 1980. A semente da Araucária (Pinhão) é possivelmente o principal recurso de sustentação da teia alimentar da FOM, com pico de produtividade no início do rigoroso inverno local, tendo também importância sociocultural e econômica para as populações humanas locais, assim como um forte produto do mercado extrativista do sul do Brasil. Em termos edáficos, as Araucárias ocupam o estrato superior das florestas e facilitando condições para o estabelecimento de outras espécies vegetais importantes, principalmente Myrtaceae e Lauraceae, que igualmente podem prover recursos à fauna que a elas se associam. Uma das espécies de Myrtaceae marcante nas terras altas é a Acca sellowiana (Berg) Burret (Feijoa), uma espécie que produz frutos grandes no início do outono, sendo considerada uma espécie incipientemente domesticada. O intrincado mecanismo de formação da estrutura da FOM depende dos processos históricos bem como de processos ecológicos mediados por animais, especialmente polinizadores, predadores e dispersores de sementes e frutos. Mamíferos são particularmente importantes neste cenário por desempenhar várias destas e outras funções ecológicas, além de serem amplamente ameaçados pela fragmentação de hábitats e pela caça que reduziu a diversidade da outrora majestosa Mata Atlântica. Existem muitas lacunas na biologia e ecologia de mamíferos, como carência de dados de abundância, desconhecimento das causas de variação nos padrões de diversidade, incertezas de distribuição e taxonomia das espécies. Os objetivos principais desta tese é avaliar os padrões de diversidade de mamíferos de médio e grande porte em regiões dentro da Mata Atlântica; quantificar as interações ecológicas entre os recursos (Pinhão e Feijoa) e a fauna de mamíferos (incluindo seres humanos); avaliar padrões, variações e causas da distribuição de espécies na FOM; e construir cenários teóricos da distribuição de espécies-chave da FOM em diferentes escalas temporais. Para isso, adotei diferentes metodologias em diferentes escalas espaciais ao longo da Mata Atlântica, especialmente dentro da região de FOM; fiz uso de dados secundários, de armadilhas fotográficas, de parcelas demográficas, de entrevistas com moradores locais e de modelagem de distribuição entre os anos de 2014 a 2017. Meu principal resultado mostra que existe uma variação de fundo na diversidade de mamíferos de 3.99 espécies de diferença entre um local e outro, mas que para áreas subtropicais essa diferença é de 2.17 espécies. Ainda, a alternância sazonal e espacial na produção de recursos (Pinhão e Feijoa) da FOM tem impactos diretos e indiretos, imediatos e postergados na estrutura das comunidades de vertebrados, especialmente de mamíferos. Questões históricas e fundiárias perpetuam influências na estrutura das florestas e na fauna nativa e cenários de mudanças climáticas podem alterar padrões e processos ecológicos e adicionar dificuldades em estratégias de conservação da FOM e seus elementos. A direção geral dos resultados contribui para o entendimento de como a união de processos históricos e ecológicos são capazes de alterar padrões de diversidade em áreas de grande importância para a conservação. Meus resultados evidenciam que processos históricos exercem influências diretas e indiretas nos padrões passados, atuais e futuros em paisagens dominadas por espécies com diferentes tipos de uso humano. Além disso, a fauna tem importância fundamental para a estrutura dos mosaicos de terras altas da Mata Atlântica subtropical, que vão desde consumo primário, passando pela dispersão de sementes, até a influência marcante dos predadores de topo. Essas perspectivas, portanto, contribuem para o conhecimento de padrões e processos na Mata Atlântica, especialmente na porção subtropical, e são capazes de capitanear políticas públicas de conservação diante de cenários de mudanças iminentes que poderão comprometer o funcionamento do ecossistema e seus serviços.Abstract : The South American Atlantic Forest is one of five most biodiverse ecoregions in the world. This ecoregion comprises a wide variation in the diversity of habitats and vegetation formations that are accompanied by large variations on diversity patterns and on endemism of several taxonomic groups. However, the Atlantic Forest is also one of the most threatened regions in the planet, due to habitat loss, fragmentation and isolation, and to defaunation and introduction of exotic species. From the original Atlantic Forest formation there remains about 12% of vegetation cover in small and disturbed fragments with reduced connectivity. In their subtropical portion, the Atlantic Forest highlands are characterized by a mosaic of spatially-restricted vegetation fragments that are widely threatened by climate change and land use characterize. Within its highlands the outstanding presence of the threatened conifer Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol) Ktze. (Araucaria) compose the Mixed Ombrophilous Forest (FOM), which has been used as a proxy for conservation strategies. The FOM had a strong anthropogenic influence since the pre-Columbian period with Araucarias being expanded by Xokleng and Kaingang ethnic groups until the mid-1980 s when it was the target of logging for almost a century. The Araucaria seed (Pinhão) is possibly the main staple resource of the FOM food web, whose productivity peaks at the beginning of the austral winter. Moreover, the Pinhão is also an important socio-cultural and economic resource for the local human populations. In edaphic terms, Araucarias occupy the upper strata of the forests and provide conditions for the establishment of other important plant species, especially Myrtaceae and Lauraceae, which can also provide resources to the associated fauna. One of the Myrtaceae species outstanding to the highlands is the Acca sellowiana (Berg) Burret (Feijoa), which produces large fruits in the early fall, and which has aspects of incipient domestication. In addition to historical processes, the intricated engineering of FOM formation and structure depends on current ecological processes mediated by animals, especially pollinators, seed dispersers and predators. Among these, mammals are particularly important for performing these and other ecological functions while are widely threatened in the Atlantic Forest by hunting and the destruction and fragmentation of habitats. Although widely studied, mammals there are many gaps in their biology and ecology, such as unknown abundance and causes of variations of diversity patterns, and uncertainties in distribution ranges and taxonomy. The overarching goal of this thesis is understand the neutral and niche influences on mammals diversity and structuring of communities. To do so, I evaluate the diversity patterns of medium- to large-bodied mammals in regions within the Atlantic Forest of South America; quantify the ecological interactions between the food resources (Pinhão and Feijoa) and the fauna (including local peoples); evaluate patterns, causes of variation in species distribution within FOM; and build theoretical scenarios of the distribution of FOM key species at different time scales. At different spatial scales throughout the Atlantic Forest, especially within the FOM region, I carried out this work between 2014 and 2017 employing different methodologies such as, the use of secondary data, camera traps, demographic plots, interviews with local residents, species distribution models. My main result shows a background variation in mammal diversity between sampled places of 3.99 species, although this difference is 2.17 species for subtropical areas. Moreover, the results show that the seasonal and spatial alternation in the production of resources (Pinhão and Feijoa) of the FOM has direct and indirect, immediate and delayed impacts on the structure of vertebrate communities, especially mammals. Historical and land issues perpetuate influences on the structure of forests and native fauna; predictive scenarios of climate change can alter ecological patterns and processes and add difficulties in FOM conservation strategies and their elements. Overall, my results contribute to the understanding of how the combined effect of historical and ecological processes can change patterns of diversity in areas that are important for conservation. The results herein show that historical processes have direct and indirect influences on the past, present and future patterns in landscapes dominated by species with different types of anthropic use. In addition, this work reinforces that the fauna is fundamental for the structure of the highland mosaics of the subtropical Atlantic Forest, ranging from primary consumption, through the dispersion of seeds, to the marked influence of top predators on energy flow through food webs. This study, therefore, contributes to the knowledge of patterns and processes in the Atlantic Forest, especially in the subtropical portion and can propel public conservation policies in the face of scenarios of imminent changes that could jeopardize the ecosystem functioning and its services

Fig. 1 in Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) Attracted to Rotten Eggs in the Atlantic Forest in Subtropical Southern Brazil

Fig. 1. Location of Atlantic Forest where dung beetles were sampled using pitfall traps baited with rotten eggs in southern Brazil. Inset: location of southern Brazil in South America. Abbreviations represent the southern Brazilian states of Paraná (PR), Santa Catarina (SC), and Rio Grande do Sul (RS). The black circle is the Santa Maria site, and the black square is the Nova Veneza site.Published as part of <i>Silva, Pedro Giovâni da & Bogoni, Juliano André, 2014, Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) Attracted to Rotten Eggs in the Atlantic Forest in Subtropical Southern Brazil, pp. 339-342 in The Coleopterists Bulletin 68 (2)</i> on page 340, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065x-68.2.339, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10101801">http://zenodo.org/record/10101801</a&gt