<i>ZAG</i> gene expression levels in visceral (VAT) (▪) and subcutaneous (SAT) (□) adipose tissue.

<p>MO low IR: morbidly obese persons with low insulin resistance. MO high IR: morbidly obese persons with high insulin resistance. Adipose tissue expression levels for each gene were normalized using cyclophilin A. The results are given as the mean ± SD.</p

Correlations between <i>ZAG</i> gene expression levels in adipose tissue and anthropometric and biochemical variables.

<p>(A) Comparison of ZAG gene expression levels in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and BMI. (B) Comparison of ZAG gene expression levels in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and BMI. (C) Comparison of ZAG gene expression levels in VAT and HOMA-IR. (D) Comparison of ZAG gene expression levels in VAT and adiponectin circulating levels. (▪) Morbidly obese persons with low insulin resistance. (□) Morbidly obese persons with high insulin resistance.</p

Anthropometric and biochemical variables in the morbidly obese patients classified according to their insulin resistance (IR).

<p>The results are given as the mean ± SD. BMI: body mass index; FFA: Free fatty acids; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index, CRP: C-reactive protein; ZAG: zinc alpha-2 glycoprotein. Ns: Not significant.</p

Reduction in the anthropometric and biochemical variables according to the 50^th-percentile of the expression of different genes in subcutaneous adipose tissue.

<p>BMI: body mass index; FFA: free fatty acids; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index; ACC1: acetyl-coenzyme carboxylase 1; ACSS2: acetyl-CoA synthetase short-chain family member 2; ACL: ATP citrate lyase; PEPCK1: phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1;</p>a<p>P<0.05;</p>b<p>P<0.01;</p>c<p>P<0.001: significant differences between the percentage reduction in the different variables according to the 50^th percentile of the expression of each of the genes.</p

Association between the expression of acetyl-CoA synthetase 2 (ACSS2) and the percentage of reduction in the body mass index (BMI) in subcutaneous (A) and visceral adipose tissue (B), and the hip circumference in SAT (C) and VAT (D).

<p>BMI: body mass index.</p

Significant correlations (<i>p</i>) found between basal mRNA expression and the anthropometric and biochemical variables studied.

<p>BMI: body mass index; FFA: free fatty acids; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index; ACC1: acetyl-coenzyme carboxylase 1; ACSS2: acetyl-CoA synthetase short-chain family member 2; ACL: ATP citrate lyase; PEPCK1: phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1; SAT: subcutaneous adipose tissue; VAT: visceral adipose tissue; Ns: not significant. Correlation analyses were made with general linear models to adjust by age, gender, and baseline body weight and BMI as independent covariate.</p

Association between the expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1) and the percentage of reduction in the body mass index (BMI) in subcutaneous (A) and visceral adipose tissue (B), and the hip circumference in SAT (C) and VAT (D).

<p>BMI: body mass index.</p

Anthropometric and biochemical variables in the morbidly obese patients before and after surgery.

<p>BMI: body mass index; LDL: low density lipoprotein; VLDL: very low density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index. The results are given as the mean ± SD.</p>a<p>P<0.05;</p>b<p>P<0.01;</p>c<p>P<0.001.</p

An interethnic comparison of polymorphisms of the genes encoding drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters: Experience in Singapore

Much of the interindividual variability in drug response is attributable to the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes encoding drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters. In recent years, we have investigated the polymorphisms in a number of genes encoding phase I and II drug-metabolizing enzymes including CYPIA1, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, GSTM1, NAT2, UGT1A1, and TPMT and drug transporter (MDR1) in three distinct Asian populations in Singapore, namely the Chinese, Malays, and Indians. Significant differences in the frequencies of common alleles encoding these proteins have been observed among these three ethnic groups. For example, the frequency of the variant A2455G polymorphism of CYP1A1 was 28% in Chinese and 31% in Malays, but only 18% in Indians. CYP3A4*4 was detected in two of 110 Chinese subjects, but absent in Indians and Malays. Many Chinese and Malays (61-63%) were homozygous for the GSTM1*0 null genotype compared with 33% of Indians. The frequency of the UGTIA1*28 allele was highest in the Indian population (35%) compared to similar frequencies that were found in the Chinese (16%) and Malay (19%) populations. More importantly, our experience over the years has shown that the pharmacogenetics of these drug-metabolizing enzymes and MDR1 in the Asian populations are different from these in the Caucasian and African populations. For example, the CYP3A4*1B allele, which contains an A-290G substitution in the promoter region of CYP3A4, is absent in all three Asian populations of Singapore studied, but occurs in more than 54% of Africans and 5% of Caucasians. There were no difference in genotype and allelic variant frequencies in exon 12 of MDR1 between the Chinese, Malay, and Indian populations. When compared with other ethnic groups, the distribution of the wild-type C allele in exon 12 in the Malays (34.2%) and Indians (32.8%) was relatively high and similar to the Japanese (38.55%) and Caucasians (41%) but different from African-Americans (15%). The frequency of wild-type TT genotype in Asians (43.5% to 52.1%) and Japanese (61.5%) was much higher than those found in Caucasians (13.3%). All the proteins we studied represent the primary hepatic or extrahepatic enzymes, and their polymorphic expression may be implicated in disease risk and the disposition of drugs or endogenous substances. As such, dose requirements of certain drugs may not be optimal for Asian populations, and a second look at the factors responsible for this difference is necessary

Multiple linear regression model having as dependent variable the total taste strips.

<p>Multiple linear regression model having as dependent variable the total taste strips.</p