Evolución intercensal de las explotaciones agrarias (1962-1972-1982)

Los cambios intercensales en la estructura de las explotaciones agrarios durante los decenios 1962-72-82 son estudiados tratando, no solo de describir las principales alterociones detectadas, sino también de apuntar hipótesis interpretativas sobre su influencia en la evolución de la productividad global, agregado del sector agrorio. Con este fin se analiza la evolución, por tamaños de superficie de las explotaciones, agregadas a nivel estatal, del número y superficie de las explotaciones, parcelación Y fomas de riego. Entre las conclusiones cabe destacar, por su influencia en la productividod, la tendencia hocía explotaciones medianas con un menor número de parcelas de mayor extensión. La desaparición de pequeños explotaciones y la estabilización, en número, de las grandes. La puesto en regodio de nuevas tierras, notoblemete desacelerada desde 1972, va acompañada de una conncentración de esta superficie altamente productiva.Publicad

Larval descriptions of the family Porcellanidae: A worldwide annotated compilation of the literature (Crustacea, Decapoda)

For most of the family Porcellanidae, which comprises 283 species, larval development remains to be described. Full development has been only described for 52 species, while part of the larval cycle has been described for 45 species. The importance of knowing the complete larval development of a species goes beyond allowing the identification of larval specimens collected in the plankton. Morphological larval data also constitute a support to cladistic techniques used in the establishment of the phylogenetic status (see Hiller et al. 2006, Marco-Herrero et al. 2013). Nevertheless, the literature on the larval development of this family is old and widely dispersed and in many cases it is difficult to collect the available information on a particular taxon. Towards the aim of facilitating future research, all information available on the larval development of porcellanids has been compiled. Following the taxonomic checklist of Porcellanidae proposed by Osawa and McLaughlin (2010), a checklist has been prepared that reflects the current knowledge about larval development of the group including larval stages and the method used to obtain the larvae, together with references. Those species for which the recognised names have been changed according to Osawa and McLaughlin (2010) are indicated

Cannibalism, post-settlement growth rate and size refuge in a recruitment-limited population of the shore crab Carcinus maenas.

Previous studies on intra-specific interactions among green shore crabs have been undertaken in very large populations, in which individuals concentrate at high densities in physically complex substrates. Under such conditions, cannibalism and interference competition often override initial density patterns delivered by larval supply. In this study, we focused on a Carcinus maenas population receiving a low supply of settlers. We reported crab abundance in habitats of different physical structure, and measured cannibalistic interactions, in different substrates, at a prey density expected only after a major recruitment event. Different predator and prey sizes were used to verify if juveniles froma critical range attain a size refugewhen coexistingwith subadults, which are still commonly found in the nursery habitat. Virtually no juvenile shore crabs were found on sandy habitats, and differences between sparsely and densely vegetated cover were only detected shortly after a settlement pulse, indicating that nursery habitats are under their carrying capacity most of the time. Even under extreme high densities, cannibalism on juveniles of 10 mm carapace width (CW) remained undetected, and predation on crabs half this sizewas only significant in lowand mediumZostera cover,when larger predators (20–25 mmCW)were included in experimental plots. The allometricmodel predicted the non-linear decrease of predation rate as a function of relative prey size, with a nearly asymptotic value of one prey consumed each 5 d by one predator in a square metre, when relative prey size attains 0.6. Such a relationship is expected for ‘cruising’ predators which rely on encounter rate. Growth estimates obtained using time series of the catch of distinct juvenile stages in artificial collectors indicated that crabs surviving 50 d after settlement have attained a size refuge from predation by larger conspecific

Terapia por láser de baja potencia: consideraciones óptico-físicas y biológicas determinantes en su aplicación clínica.

Objetivos : Analizar la distribución de energía en un tejido cuando se emplea terapia por láser de baja potencia y estudiar las especificaciones mínimas de equipos de terapia láser para estimar la dosis. Material y métodos: Se ha empleado el método de Monte Carlo para obtener la distribución de energía absorbida por la piel para dos tipos de láser y la teoría de la difusión para estimar la longitud de penetración y el recorrido libre medio. Se ha estudiado la variación de esa distribución en función de la raza (caucásico, asiático, afroamericano) y para dos localizaciones anatómicas distintas. Se ha analizado la información facilitada por diversos fabricantes de equipos comerciales para determinar si es necesario adaptar la dosimetría recomendada. Resultados: La radiación láser infrarroja (810nm) se absorbe mayoritariamente en un espesor de piel de 1,9±0,2mm para caucásicos, entre 1,73±0,08mm (volar del antebrazo) y 1,80±0,11mm (palma) para asiáticos y entre 1,25±0,09mm (volar del antebrazo) y 1,65±0,2mm (palma) para afroamericanos. El recorrido libre medio de la luz siempre es menor que 0,69±0,09mm. Para los equipos comerciales analizados la única característica geométrica del haz láser que se menciona es la superficie que oscila entre 0,08 y 1cm2, pero no se especifica cómo es la distribución de energía, la divergencia del haz, forma de la sección transversal, etc. Conclusiones:Dependiendo del equipo de terapia por láser de baja potencia utilizado, el tipo de paciente y la zona a tratar, el clínico debe adaptar las dosis recomendadas. Abstract: Objectives: To analyze the distribution of energy deposited in a tissue when this is irradiated with a low power laser and to study the minimum characteristics that manufacturers of low power laser therapy equipments should include to estimate the dosage. Material and methods: Monte Carlo simulation was performed to determine the absorption location of the laser energy. The diffusion theory was used to estimate penetration depth and mean free path. Variation of this distribution was studied based on three different skin types (Caucasians, Asians and Afroamericans) and for two different anatomic locations: palm and volar forearm. Information given by several manufactures of low power laser therapy equipments has been analyzed. Results: Infrared (810 nm) laser radiation is mainly absorbed in a skin layer of thickness 1.9±0.2mm for Caucasians, from 1.73±0.08mm (volar forearm) to 1.80±0.11mm (palm) for Asians, and from 1.25±0.09mm (volar forearm) to 1.65±0.2mm (palm) for Afroamericans. The light mean free path is lower than 0.69±0.09mm for all cases. The laser beam characteristics (beam shape, energy distribution on a transversal section, divergence, incidence angle,etc.) are not usually specified by the manufacturers. Only beam size (ranging from 0.08 to 1cm2) is given in some cases. Discussion and conclusions: Depending on the low power laser therapy equipment, on the patient and on the anatomic area to be treated, the staff should adapt the recommended dosage for each individual case

GFC-Robust Risk Management Strategies under the Basel Accord

A risk management strategy is proposed as being robust to the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) by selecting a Value-at-Risk (VaR) forecast that combines the forecasts of different VaR models. The robust forecast is based on the median of the point VaR forecasts of a set of conditional volatility models. This risk management strategy is GFC-robust in the sense that maintaining the same risk management strategies before, during and after a financial crisis would lead to comparatively low daily capital charges and violation penalties. The new method is illustrated by using the S&P500 index before, during and after the 2008-09 global financial crisis. We investigate the performance of a variety of single and combined VaR forecasts in terms of daily capital requirements and violation penalties under the Basel II Accord, as well as other criteria. The median VaR risk management strategy is GFC-robust as it provides stable results across different periods relative to other VaR forecasting models. The new strategy based on combined forecasts of single models is straightforward to incorporate into existing computer software packages that are used by banks and other financial institutions

What Happened to Risk Management During the 2008-09 Financial Crisis?

When dealing with market risk under the Basel II Accord, variation pays in the form of lower capital requirements and higher profits. Typically, GARCH type models are chosen to forecast Value-at-Risk (VaR) using a single risk model. In this paper we illustrate two useful variations to the standard mechanism for choosing forecasts, namely: (i) combining different forecast models for each period, such as a daily model that forecasts the supremum or infinum value for the VaR; (ii) alternatively, select a single model to forecast VaR, and then modify the daily forecast, depending on the recent history of violations under the Basel II Accord. We illustrate these points using the Standard and Poor’s 500 Composite Index. In many cases we find significant decreases in the capital requirements, while incurring a number of violations that stays within the Basel II Accord limits

Has the Basel II Accord Encouraged Risk Management During the 2008-09 Financial Crisis?

The Basel II Accord requires that banks and other Authorized Deposit-taking Institutions (ADIs) communicate their daily risk forecasts to the appropriate monetary authorities at the beginning of each trading day, using one or more risk models to measure Value-at-Risk (VaR). The risk estimates of these models are used to determine capital requirements and associated capital costs of ADIs, depending in part on the number of previous violations, whereby realised losses exceed the estimated VaR. In this paper we define risk management in terms of choosing sensibly from a variety of risk models, discuss the selection of optimal risk models, consider combining alternative risk models, discuss the choice between a conservative and aggressive risk management strategy, and evaluate the effects of the Basel II Accord on risk management. We also examine how risk management strategies performed during the 2008-09 financial crisis, evaluate how the financial crisis affected risk management practices, forecasting VaR and daily capital charges, and discuss alternative policy recommendations, especially in light of the financial crisis. These issues are illustrated using Standard and Poor’s 500 Index, with an emphasis on how risk management practices were monitored and encouraged by the Basel II Accord regulations during the financial crisis

International Evidence on GFC-robust Forecasts for Risk Management under te Basel Accord

A risk management strategy that is designed to be robust to the Global Financial Crisis (GFC), in the sense of selecting a Value-at-Risk (VaR) forecast that combines the forecasts of different VaR models, was proposed in McAleer et al. (2010c). The robust forecast is based on the median of the point VaR forecasts of a set of conditional volatility models. Such a risk management strategy is robust to the GFC in the sense that, while maintaining the same risk management strategy before, during and after a financial crisis, it will lead to comparatively low daily capital charges and violation penalties for the entire period. This paper presents evidence to support the claim that the median point forecast of VaR is generally GFC-robust. We investigate the performance of a variety of single and combined VaR forecasts in terms of daily capital requirements and violation penalties under the Basel II Accord, as well as other criteria. In the empirical analysis, we choose several major indexes, namely French CAC, German DAX, US Dow Jones, UK FTSE100, Hong Kong Hang Seng, Spanish Ibex35, Japanese Nikkei, Swiss SMI and US S&P500. The GARCH, EGARCH, GJR and Riskmetrics models, as well as several other strategies, are used in the comparison. Backtesting is performed on each of these indexes using the Basel II Accord regulations for 2008-10 to examine the performance of the Median strategy in terms of the number of violations and daily capital charges, among other criteria. The Median is shown to be a profitable and safe strategy for risk management, both in calm and turbulent periods, as it provides a reasonable number of violations and daily capital charges. The Median also performs well when both total losses and the asymmetric linear tick loss function are considere

CuO improved (Sn,Sb)O2 ceramic anodes for electrochemical advanced oxidation processes

[EN] Antimony¿doped tin oxide electrodes with CuO as sintering aid are presented as an economical alternative to metal¿based electrodes, intended for the electrooxidation process of emerging and recalcitrant organic contaminants in wastewaters. The CuO proportion has been optimized to obtain densified electrodes with a mild thermal cycle (Tmax = 1200°C). One of the manufactured electrodes (97.8 mol.% of SnO2, 1.0 mol.% of Sb2O3, and 1.2 mol.% of CuO) was selected for electrochemical characterization from a physical and morphological analysis. The electrochemical behavior of the selected electrode showed that the addition of CuO as sintering aid widens the electrochemical window and increases the electrode ¿inactivity¿, with respect to an (Sn, Sb)O2 electrode synthesized in the same conditions. In return, the (Sn,Sb,Cu)O2 electrode presents a significantly lower electrochemical rugosity factor. Moreover, the addition of CuO does not change the oxygen evolution reaction mechanism, but it modifies the kinetic parameters, leading to a larger accumulation of hydroxyl radicals. Consequently, the addition of CuO as sintering aid significantly improves the electrochemical properties of the electrode as an electrochemical advanced oxidation process anode with respect to the (Sn,Sb)O2 electrode, at the expense of worsening its electrochemical roughness factor. The results of the electrochemical characterization were confirmed by Norfloxacin degradation tests.The authors are very grateful to the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (Projects: CTQ2015-65202-C2-1-R and CTQ2015-65202-C2-2-R) and to the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER), for their economic support.Sánchez-Rivera, M.; Giner-Sanz, JJ.; Pérez-Herranz, V.; Mestre, S. (2019). CuO improved (Sn,Sb)O2 ceramic anodes for electrochemical advanced oxidation processes. 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Electrochemical oxidation of organic pollutants for the wastewater treatment: direct and indirect processes. Chem. Soc. Rev., 35(12), 1324-1340. doi:10.1039/b517632hKent, C. A., Concepcion, J. J., Dares, C. J., Torelli, D. A., Rieth, A. J., Miller, A. S., … Meyer, T. J. (2013). Water Oxidation and Oxygen Monitoring by Cobalt-Modified Fluorine-Doped Tin Oxide Electrodes. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 135(23), 8432-8435. doi:10.1021/ja400616aMiranda, M. P., del Rio, R., del Valle, M. A., Faundez, M., & Armijo, F. (2012). Use of fluorine-doped tin oxide electrodes for lipoic acid determination in dietary supplements. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 668, 1-6. doi:10.1016/j.jelechem.2011.12.022Frasca, S., Molero Milan, A., Guiet, A., Goebel, C., Pérez-Caballero, F., Stiba, K., … Wollenberger, U. (2013). Bioelectrocatalysis at mesoporous antimony doped tin oxide electrodes—Electrochemical characterization and direct enzyme communication. 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Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 24(6), 1049-1052. doi:10.1016/s0955-2219(03)00387-xLin, Y.-J., & Wu, C.-J. (1997). The properties of antimony-doped tin oxide thin films from the sol-gel process. Surface and Coatings Technology, 88(1-3), 239-247. doi:10.1016/s0257-8972(96)02926-xMaria Garcia dos Santos, I., Longo, E., Arana Varela, J., & Roberto Leite, E. (2000). Sintering of tin oxide processed by slip casting. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 20(14-15), 2407-2413. doi:10.1016/s0955-2219(00)00130-8Krishnakumar, T., Jayaprakash, R., Pinna, N., Phani, A. R., Passacantando, M., & Santucci, S. (2009). Structural, optical and electrical characterization of antimony-substituted tin oxide nanoparticles. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 70(6), 993-999. doi:10.1016/j.jpcs.2009.05.013Medvedovski, E. (2017). Tin oxide-based ceramics of high density obtained by pressureless sintering. 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Harmonic analysis based method for linearity assessment and noise quantification in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements: Theoretical formulation and experimental validation for Tafelian systems. Electrochimica Acta, 211, 1076-1091. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2016.06.133Giner-Sanz, J. J., Ortega, E. M., & Pérez-Herranz, V. (2015). Montecarlo based quantitative Kramers–Kronig test for PEMFC impedance spectrum validation. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 40(34), 11279-11293. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.03.135Giner-Sanz, J. J., Ortega, E. M., & Pérez-Herranz, V. (2016). Application of a Montecarlo based quantitative Kramers-Kronig test for linearity assessment of EIS measurements. Electrochimica Acta, 209, 254-268. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2016.04.131Giner-Sanz, J. J., Ortega, E. M., & Pérez-Herranz, V. (2015). Optimization of the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurement parameters for PEM fuel cell spectrum determination. 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Surface determination and electrochemical behavior of IrO 2 -RuO 2 -SiO 2 ternary oxide coatings in oxygen evolution reaction application. Electrochimica Acta, 264, 350-357. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2018.01.141BROSSARD, L., & MARQUIS, B. (1994). Electrocatalytic behavior of Co/Cu electrodeposits in 1M KOH at 30°C. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 19(3), 231-237. doi:10.1016/0360-3199(94)90091-4Jaksic, J. M., Ristic, N. M., Krstajic, N. V., & Jaksic, M. M. (1998). Electrocatalysis for hydrogen electrode reactions in the light of fermi dynamics and structural bonding FACTORS—I. individual electrocatalytic properties of transition metals. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 23(12), 1121-1156. doi:10.1016/s0360-3199(98)00014-7Fazle Kibria, A. (2002). Electrochemical studies of a nickel–copper electrode for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 27(9), 879-884. doi:10.1016/s0360-3199(01)00185-