Two Ways of Approaching the Paradoxes in Logic and Mathematics

Uobičajeno je razumevanje paradoksa kao ozbiljnih problema koji sprečavaju dalji razvoj matematičke ili logičke teorije unutar koje su formulisani. Paradoksi navodno pokazuju da je data teorija postavljena na nestabilne, ili čak kontradiktorne osnove, i time ukazuju na neophodnost njihove revizije. Moguć je, međutim, i drugačiji pogled na paradokse. Oni se mogu razumeti i kao da otkrivaju netačnost pojedinačnih pretpostavki o prirodi objekata u vezi kojih se javljaju ili načina na koji se o njima rasuđuje. Paradoksi bi u tom smislu mogli biti shvaćeni kao argumenti koji dovode do novih saznanja o prirodi tih objekata i predstavljaju značajnu motivaciju za unapređenje njihovog razumevanja. U ovom radu, opisaćemo uticaj koji je prvi od navedenih pristupa paradoksima imao na razvoj logike i matematike, pre svega teorije skupova. Pokazaćemo na konkretnim primerima da alternativni pogled na paradokse ili njihove formalne ekvivalente zapravo može voditi do značajnih rezultata u logici i omogućiti zasnivanje nove logičke discipline - teorije pojmova.It is usual to think of the paradoxes appearing inside a particular logical or mathematical theory as the serious obstacles hindering any further development of that theory. Paradoxes are supposed to show that a theory in question is built on an unstable, or even contradictory foundation, and thus point the need for its complete revision. However, a different view on the paradoxes is also possible. They could instead be understood as the arguments which show that some particular assumptions concerning the objects with respect to which they appear, or the ways of reasoning about them, are wrong. If treated in that way, paradoxes or their solutions could lead to some new insights into the nature of objects they concern. They could thus turn out to make a useful focus in developing the understanding of these objects. In this work, the effect that the first approach towards the paradoxes had on development of logic and mathematics, in particular set theory, will be described. Using some examples, we will try to show that the alternative view on the paradoxes or their formal equivalents actually leads to some important results in logic, and at the same time, opens the door to a new logical theory - the so-called theory of concepts

Self-reference and the theory of concept

Ova doktorska disertacija bavi se samoreferencijom kao formalnim svojstvom intenzionalnog znacenja jezickih izraza, pre svega predikata. Formalna svojstva intenzionalnog znacenja predikata trebalo bi da budu predmet nove logicke teorije koju je zamislio i u kratkim crtama opisao jedan od najznacajnijih logicara i matematicara prošlog veka, ali i uopšte - Kurt Gedel (Kurt Gödel). Pošto je koristio termin pojam za svojstva ili relacije koje cine intenzionalno znacenje predikata, Gedel je tu teoriju nazvao teorija pojmova. Brojne, ali kratke i cesto zagonetne, Gedelove napomene svedoce o njegovom ocekivanju da ta teorija postane za logiku centralna. Osobina pojmova koja dobija poseban znacaj u kontekstu zasnivanja formalne teorije koja se njima bavi jeste upravo njihova samoreferencija, tj. mogucnost primene pojma na samog sebe, kao i ucestvovanja pojma u gra enju sopstvenog znacenja. Glavni zadatak ovog rada je bolje razumevanje uloge ta dva oblika samoreferencije u zasnivanju i razvoju teorije pojmova. Videcemo da ona može biti trostruka. Pre svega, samoreferencija u odnosu na odre eni objekat moguca je upravo zahvaljujuci intenzionalnom znacenju tog objekta. Ona tako ukazuje na formalne karakteristike intenzionalnog znacenja na kojima se zasniva njena mogucnost i koje ga suštinski razlikuju od ekstenzionalnog znacenja. Osim toga, samoreferencija može imati i znacajnu ulogu u definisanju pojmova i dokazivanju njihovih svojstava. Konacno, odre ene instance pojmovne samoreferencije vode paradoksima koji mogu ciniti teoriju u kojoj su formulisani protivrecnom. Rešavanje tih paradoksa bi trebalo da omoguci postavljanje osnova teorije pojmova. Ova disertacija podeljena je u cetiri dela. U uvodnom delu razjasnicemo osnovne termine koje cemo koristiti u disertaciji. Tako e cemo u kratkim crtama opisati istoriju samoreferencije i uticaj koji je imala na razvoj matematike. Taj uticaj je u najvecoj meri ostvaren preko njene uloge u formulisanju paradoksa unutar matematickih teorija. Potreba da se ti paradoksi izbegnu dovela je do promene u razumevanju osnovnih matematickih pojmova, kojom je samoreferencija stavljena izvan polja matematickih istraživanja. U drugom delu rada srešcemo se sa drugacijim gledanjem na samoreferenciju i njene potencijalno paradoksalne posledice. U tom delu bavimo se teorijama u kojima je samoreferencija postala standardno metodološko sredstvo, a njene paradoksalne posledice osnova za dolaženje do važnih, tipicno negativnih, rezultata. Videcemo da razliciti oblici samoreferencije koji se u tim oblastima javljaju imaju zajednicko jezgro koje objašnjava njihovu ulogu u dolaženju do tih rezultata ali i u formulisanju paradoksa. Treci deo rada predstavlja pokušaj da se približimo razumevanju odnosa samoreferencije i intenzionalnog znacenja objekta u odnosu na koji se ona javlja. Time bi trebalo da se približimo i razumevanju formalnih osobina pojmova. U ovom delu rada tako e cemo detaljnije opisati paradokse kojima pojmovna samoreferencija vodi. Branicemo rešenje tih paradoksa koje se zasniva na ogranicavanju smislene primenljivosti pojma i redefinisanju komplementa pojma. Pokušacemo da pokažemo da to rešenje, ako je formulisano u okviru intuicionisticke logike, predstavlja solidnu osnovu teorije pojmova. Zakljucni deo rada sumira rezultate istraživanja i objašnjava Gedelovu filozofsku poziciju i njenu vezu sa teorijom pojmovaThis doctoral dissertation is a study of self-reference as a formal property that characterizes the intensional meaning of some linguistic expressions, such as predicates. Formal properties of intensional meanings of predicates are supposed to be the subject matter of a new logical theory that is envisioned and briefly described by one of the most important logicians and mathematicians of the last century, and in general - Kurt Gödel. Since he used the term concept to denote the properties or relations that form the intensional meaning of predicates, Gödel termed such a theory the theory of concepts. His numerous, but short and often enigmatic, remarks show that he expected this theory to become central to logic. A property of concepts that assumes a special importance in the context of establishing a formal theory that studies them, is just their self-reference, i.e. the possibility of an application of a concept to itself, or of its containment in its own meaning. Better understanding of the role that both kinds of self-reference have in establishing and developing the theory of concepts will be the main goal of this work. We will see that this role can be threefold. First of all, the possibility of self-reference with respect to some object depends on its intensional meaning. It can thus expose some formal properties of intensional meaning on which it rests and which crucially distinguish it from the extensional meaning. Besides that, the self-reference can have a significant methodological use in the future theory, where it can participate in the definitions of concepts and in the proofs of their properties. Finally, some instances of self-reference lead to paradoxes, that can make the theory in which they are formulated inconsistent. An appropriate solution to these paradoxes should set the ground for the theory of concepts. This dissertation is divided into four parts. In the first part we explain the terms we will be using throughout the work. We also briefly describe the history of self-reference and the influence it had on the development of mathematics. This influence is accomplished mainly through the role that self-reference had in the formulation of paradoxes inside mathematical theories. The need to avoid these paradoxes has led to a change in the way some basic mathematical notions are understood, which put the considerations of self-reference outside the field of mathematical investigation. In the second part we see quite a different attitude towards the self-reference and its consequences, that became a standardly used tool in particular areas of logic. The apparently paradoxical consequences of self-reference are inside these theories transformed into some important, mostly negative, results. We will see that different forms of self-reference that appear in these areas share a common core which explains their role in achieving these results, but also in deriving different paradoxes. The third part is an attempt at approaching the question of the connection between the self-reference with respect to some entity and its intensional understanding. This should bring us closer to understanding the formal properties of concepts that embody this intensional meaning. This part also tries to trace an adequate solution to the intensional paradoxes, guided by the remarks Gödel made on the subject. We argue in favor of one particular solution accomplished by restricting the meaningful applicability of concepts, and redefining the notion of a complement of some concept. We will try to show that, if developed inside intuitionistic logic, this solution makes for a solid basis of the future theory. v In the final part we review the results of the investigation and describe Gödel’s philosophical position which explains his interest in the theory of concepts

Self-reference and the theory of concept

Ova doktorska disertacija bavi se samoreferencijom kao formalnim svojstvom intenzionalnog znacenja jezickih izraza, pre svega predikata. Formalna svojstva intenzionalnog znacenja predikata trebalo bi da budu predmet nove logicke teorije koju je zamislio i u kratkim crtama opisao jedan od najznacajnijih logicara i matematicara prošlog veka, ali i uopšte - Kurt Gedel (Kurt Gödel). Pošto je koristio termin pojam za svojstva ili relacije koje cine intenzionalno znacenje predikata, Gedel je tu teoriju nazvao teorija pojmova. Brojne, ali kratke i cesto zagonetne, Gedelove napomene svedoce o njegovom ocekivanju da ta teorija postane za logiku centralna. Osobina pojmova koja dobija poseban znacaj u kontekstu zasnivanja formalne teorije koja se njima bavi jeste upravo njihova samoreferencija, tj. mogucnost primene pojma na samog sebe, kao i ucestvovanja pojma u gra enju sopstvenog znacenja. Glavni zadatak ovog rada je bolje razumevanje uloge ta dva oblika samoreferencije u zasnivanju i razvoju teorije pojmova. Videcemo da ona može biti trostruka. Pre svega, samoreferencija u odnosu na odre eni objekat moguca je upravo zahvaljujuci intenzionalnom znacenju tog objekta. Ona tako ukazuje na formalne karakteristike intenzionalnog znacenja na kojima se zasniva njena mogucnost i koje ga suštinski razlikuju od ekstenzionalnog znacenja. Osim toga, samoreferencija može imati i znacajnu ulogu u definisanju pojmova i dokazivanju njihovih svojstava. Konacno, odre ene instance pojmovne samoreferencije vode paradoksima koji mogu ciniti teoriju u kojoj su formulisani protivrecnom. Rešavanje tih paradoksa bi trebalo da omoguci postavljanje osnova teorije pojmova. Ova disertacija podeljena je u cetiri dela. U uvodnom delu razjasnicemo osnovne termine koje cemo koristiti u disertaciji. Tako e cemo u kratkim crtama opisati istoriju samoreferencije i uticaj koji je imala na razvoj matematike. Taj uticaj je u najvecoj meri ostvaren preko njene uloge u formulisanju paradoksa unutar matematickih teorija. Potreba da se ti paradoksi izbegnu dovela je do promene u razumevanju osnovnih matematickih pojmova, kojom je samoreferencija stavljena izvan polja matematickih istraživanja. U drugom delu rada srešcemo se sa drugacijim gledanjem na samoreferenciju i njene potencijalno paradoksalne posledice. U tom delu bavimo se teorijama u kojima je samoreferencija postala standardno metodološko sredstvo, a njene paradoksalne posledice osnova za dolaženje do važnih, tipicno negativnih, rezultata. Videcemo da razliciti oblici samoreferencije koji se u tim oblastima javljaju imaju zajednicko jezgro koje objašnjava njihovu ulogu u dolaženju do tih rezultata ali i u formulisanju paradoksa. Treci deo rada predstavlja pokušaj da se približimo razumevanju odnosa samoreferencije i intenzionalnog znacenja objekta u odnosu na koji se ona javlja. Time bi trebalo da se približimo i razumevanju formalnih osobina pojmova. U ovom delu rada tako e cemo detaljnije opisati paradokse kojima pojmovna samoreferencija vodi. Branicemo rešenje tih paradoksa koje se zasniva na ogranicavanju smislene primenljivosti pojma i redefinisanju komplementa pojma. Pokušacemo da pokažemo da to rešenje, ako je formulisano u okviru intuicionisticke logike, predstavlja solidnu osnovu teorije pojmova. Zakljucni deo rada sumira rezultate istraživanja i objašnjava Gedelovu filozofsku poziciju i njenu vezu sa teorijom pojmovaThis doctoral dissertation is a study of self-reference as a formal property that characterizes the intensional meaning of some linguistic expressions, such as predicates. Formal properties of intensional meanings of predicates are supposed to be the subject matter of a new logical theory that is envisioned and briefly described by one of the most important logicians and mathematicians of the last century, and in general - Kurt Gödel. Since he used the term concept to denote the properties or relations that form the intensional meaning of predicates, Gödel termed such a theory the theory of concepts. His numerous, but short and often enigmatic, remarks show that he expected this theory to become central to logic. A property of concepts that assumes a special importance in the context of establishing a formal theory that studies them, is just their self-reference, i.e. the possibility of an application of a concept to itself, or of its containment in its own meaning. Better understanding of the role that both kinds of self-reference have in establishing and developing the theory of concepts will be the main goal of this work. We will see that this role can be threefold. First of all, the possibility of self-reference with respect to some object depends on its intensional meaning. It can thus expose some formal properties of intensional meaning on which it rests and which crucially distinguish it from the extensional meaning. Besides that, the self-reference can have a significant methodological use in the future theory, where it can participate in the definitions of concepts and in the proofs of their properties. Finally, some instances of self-reference lead to paradoxes, that can make the theory in which they are formulated inconsistent. An appropriate solution to these paradoxes should set the ground for the theory of concepts. This dissertation is divided into four parts. In the first part we explain the terms we will be using throughout the work. We also briefly describe the history of self-reference and the influence it had on the development of mathematics. This influence is accomplished mainly through the role that self-reference had in the formulation of paradoxes inside mathematical theories. The need to avoid these paradoxes has led to a change in the way some basic mathematical notions are understood, which put the considerations of self-reference outside the field of mathematical investigation. In the second part we see quite a different attitude towards the self-reference and its consequences, that became a standardly used tool in particular areas of logic. The apparently paradoxical consequences of self-reference are inside these theories transformed into some important, mostly negative, results. We will see that different forms of self-reference that appear in these areas share a common core which explains their role in achieving these results, but also in deriving different paradoxes. The third part is an attempt at approaching the question of the connection between the self-reference with respect to some entity and its intensional understanding. This should bring us closer to understanding the formal properties of concepts that embody this intensional meaning. This part also tries to trace an adequate solution to the intensional paradoxes, guided by the remarks Gödel made on the subject. We argue in favor of one particular solution accomplished by restricting the meaningful applicability of concepts, and redefining the notion of a complement of some concept. We will try to show that, if developed inside intuitionistic logic, this solution makes for a solid basis of the future theory. v In the final part we review the results of the investigation and describe Gödel’s philosophical position which explains his interest in the theory of concepts

Optimization of Semiautomated Calibration Algorithm of Multichannel Electrotactile Feedback for Myoelectric Hand Prosthesis

The main drawback of the commercially available myoelectric hand prostheses is the absence of somatosensory feedback. We recently developed a feedback interface for multiple degrees of freedom myoelectric prosthesis that allows proprioceptive and sensory information (i.e., grasping force) to be transmitted to the wearer instantaneously. High information bandwidth is achieved through intelligent control of spatiotemporal distribution of electrical pulses over a custom-designed electrode array. As electrotactile sensations are location-dependent and the developed interface requires that electrical stimuli are perceived to be of the same intensity on all locations, a calibration procedure is of high importance. The aim of this study was to gain more insight into the calibration procedure and optimize this process by leveraging a priori knowledge. For this purpose, we conducted a study with 9 able-bodied subjects performing 10 sessions of the array electrode calibration. Based on the collected data, we optimized and simplified the calibration procedure by adapting the initial (baseline) amplitude values in the calibration algorithm. The results suggest there is an individual pattern of stimulation amplitudes across 16 electrode pads for each subject, which is not affected by the initial amplitudes. Moreover, the number of user actions performed and the time needed for the calibration procedure are significantly reduced by the proposed methodology.The research was supported by Tecnalia Research & Innovation, Spain, and the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of Republic of Serbia (Project no. 175016). The authors would like to thank all the volunteers who participated in this study

Holocaust effect in "Gotz and Meyer" by David Albahari

U ovom radu, a na primeru romana "Gec i Majer" Davida Albaharija i u okvirima post-modernističke poetike, biće reči o "junaku kao tipu", predstavniku istoriografske metafikcije, kog Linda Hačion naziva "podesnim tipom". U tom smislu, govorićemo o sintezi opšteg i pojedinačnog u službi rasvetlјavanja razumevanja potrebnog da bi se potencijalno opravdale činjenične podloge istorijskog narativa, utemelјenog na svrstavanju istorijskih činjenica u fiktivni diskurs. Takođe, uzevši u obzir da postmoderno nije deistorizovano, raspravlјaćemo o koncepciji književnosti kao umetnosti koja pokušava da donese iskuplјenje za istorijska iskustva. Na primerima iz romana pokazaćemo na koji način se predstavlјeni kontekst određuje kao značajan i do koje se mere problematizuje celokupna predstava o istorijskom (pred)znanju. Akcenat će biti stavlјen na samo iskustvo koje postaje literarni efekat, na ovom primeru "efekat Holokausta" - termin koji uvodi Ernst van Alfen u svojoj studiji "Caught by History".In this paper, we analyze the Holocaust effect in Albahari's novel "Gotz and Meyer". Albahari himself is not a victim, nor a witness of the Holocaust, but an author of Jewish origin who uses the historical experience and historical sources in order to reproduce the Holocaust effect - not only immediate testimonies and traumas but the consequences the Holocaust has left on the victims' descendants, as well. With this in mind, we show the novel in the light of historiographic metafiction, pointing out that, in literature, post-Holocaust testimonies are possible solely as its secondary effects. Mediation is above necessary, however, if the form of testimony is suitable. As this novel confirms, post-Holocaust literature represents a strong instrument in educating new generations of readers, by retelling the story that should not be forgotten. By using the power of its reach, literature should keep this type of discourse alive in the present, pointing out the importance of one of the biggest history lessons, which should be taken as an imperative of maintaining the victims' experience in the memories of the readers.Izdavanje ovog zbornika podržalo je Ministarstvo prosvete, nauke i tehnološkog razvoja Republike Srbije

Rock’n’roll and Holocaust

„Rock’n’roll i Holokaust”, tekst u kome se sve već dogodilo, ali i u kome se sve tek treba dogoditi, budući da živimo u „odsustvu svake prave prisutnosti” (Džejmson 1974: 145), ima želju, ma koliko ona bila neostvariva, da se "oslobod[i] od obaveze započinjanja” (Fuko 2019: 7). On, međutim, ipak mora „započeti” i pokušati da, u nekom jeziku i diskursu, kaže nešto o ideologijama, Holokaustu i rock’n’roll-u: Belsen was a Gas Sex Pistols-a, Puppets Lenarda Koena, No Love Lost Joy Division-a.“Rock’n’roll and Holocaust” represents, on one hand, a text in which everything has already happened and, on the other, a text in which everything is yet to happen because we, if we are to believe Jameson, live in the absence of any true presence. Moreover, this paper has a Focauldian desire to liberate itself from the obligation of commencing. It, however, has to “commence” and, with some language and discourse, attempt to say something about ideologies, Holocaust and rock-n-roll: Sex Pistols’ Belsen was a Gas, Leonard Cohen’s Puppets, Joy Division's No Love Lost.Istraživanje sprovedeno u radu finansiralo je Ministarstvo prosvete, nauke i tehnološkog razvoja Republike Srbije (Ugovor o realizaciji i finansiranju naučnoistraživačkog rada NIO u 2022. godini broj 451 -03-68/2022 14/ 200198)

Eduard Sam in "Hourglass"

Ovaj rad ima za cilj da predstavi i sintetizuje biografske podatke jednog od glavnih likova romana Danila Kiša „Peščanik“, odnosno Eduarda Sema. Prvo ćemo navesti sve njegove lične podatke kao što su datum rođenja, adresa, bračno stanje, porodični odnosi, radno iskustvo, aktivnosti u slobodnom vremenu itd. Zatim ćemo predstaviti stepenike života i smrti onako kako se pojavljuju u romanu . Pošto je lik o kome je reč jevrejskog porekla, u radu će se ispitati ponavljajući znaci antisemitizma, kao i fizički i emocionalno oslabljujuće posledice takvog nacionalnog identiteta. Eduard Sem je neko ko je lucidan, a ne lud, a njegova lucidnost se pojavljuje kao rezultat njegovih neprekidnih spekulacija o teroru smrti u koncentracionom logoru.This paper aims to present and synthesize biographical data of one of the main characters in Danilo Kiš's novel "Hourglass", namely, Eduard Sam. First, we shall list all of his personal information such as the date of birth, address, marital status, family relations, work experience, pastime activities, etc. Then, we shall present the staircases of life and death as they appear within the novel. Since the character in question is of Jewish origin, the paper will examine the recurring signs of anti-Semitism as well as the physically and emotionally debilitating consequences of such national identity. Eduard Sam is someone who is lucid, not mad, with his lucidity emerging as a result of his ceaseless speculation about the terror of death within a concentration camp.Pod pokrovitelјstvom "Claims Conference ( Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany)", Centar za studije sećanja Univerziteta u Kragujevcu - čiji je osnivač i rukovodilac prof. dr Katarina Melić - akademske 2021/2022. godine je dalekosežno pokrenuo Studije Holokausta. Jedan od realizovanih kurseva, "Istražni diskurs u književnosti" (prof. dr Dragan Bošković) održan je u zimskom semestru akademske 2021/2022. godine, i problemski je bio usredsređen na stvaralački opus Danila Kiša. Osim preispitivanja karaktera i smisla istražnog diskursa - elementarnog mehanizma epistemologije, naracije i poetike - glavna intencija kursa bila je analitičko percipiranje literarnih predstava Holokausta i antisemitizma u Kišovom delu, a kao jedan od rezultata rada na kursu bio je prezentacija Kišovih junaka-žrtava Holokausta. Tako su polaznici kursa izdvojili junake (likove-žrtve) iz "Porodičnog cirkusa", "Grobnice za Borisa Davidoviča", Kišovih drama i televizijske emisije "Goli život". Ispitujući (ili: oblikujući) njihove identitete, studenti su posebnu pažnju posvetili antisemitističkom belegu na njima, kao i njihovim tragičnim stradanjima. Uočivši simboličnu važnost realizovanih prezentacija, koje oslikavaju žrtve Holokausta u Kišovom opusu, došlo se na ideju preinačavanja power-point prezentacija u formu tekstova, i to tekstova nalik „ličnim kartama”. U želјi da sagledamo posledice Holokausta, kao i da predstavimo identitete žrtava i da čujemo njihov glas, tekstovi koji slede predstavlјaju omaž mrtvima - onima koji tek mogu da budu mrtvi onda kada progovore kroz literaturu, kroz diskurs. Progovorom kroz literaturu i kroz ove tekstove, mrtvi se samopotvrđuju kao žrtve, a tako i kao „besmrtni”. Stoga, ovaj temat - "Spomen-muzej žrtava Holokausta u opusu Danila Kiša" - prilog je narativnom otelotvorenju Kišovih žrtava koje, kako bi to rekao Pol Riker, „vape za odmazdom i prizivaju priču”. Ovaj mali tematski blok je, dakle, njihova i naša „odmazda”, njihova i naša „priča”. Ovaj tekst je jedan od šest tekstova čiji su autori doktorandi Filološko-umetničkog fakulteta Univerziteta u Kragujevcu, i ovo su prvi tekstovi ovakvog tipa u celokupnoj istoriji kišologije. O likovima-žrtvama Holokausta dati su uvidi u formi taksativno navedenih biografskih informacija, dok je posebna pažnja posvećena antisemitizmu i to u odelјku svakog teksta, naslovlјenom: „Znakovi i posledice antisemitizma/Holokausta”.Sponsored by "Claims Conference (Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany"), the Centre for the Study of Memory of the University of Kragujevac - whose founder and the head is prof. Katarina Melić, PhD, full professor - has, during the academic year of 2021/2022, issued forth the Holocaust Studies. One of the realized courses, "Investigative Discourse in Literature" (prof. Dragan Bošković, PhD, full professor) was held in the winter semester of the academic year of 2021/2022 and was focused on the creative work of Danilo Kiš through a problem-solving approach. Apart from re-examining the character and meaning of investigative discourse - the elementary mechanism of epistemology, narration and poetics - analytical perception of literary representations of the Holocaust and antisemitism in Kiš’s work represented the primary intention of the course, and one of the results of course activities was the presentation of Kiš’s characters-victims of the Holocaust. Thus, the attendees of the course sought to single out the heroes (characters-victims) from the "Family Circus", "A Tomb for Boris Davidovich", Kiš’s plays and the television show "Naked Life". Examining (or: shaping) their identities, the students paid special attention to the antisemitic mark on them, as well as their tragic sufferings. Having noticed the symbolic significance of the completed presentations, while concurrently depicting the victims of the Holocaust in Kiš’s oeuvre, there emerged an idea to transform power-point presentations into the form of manuscripts, and not just any, but manuscripts similar to “identity cards”. In order to appreciate the consequences of the Holocaust, as well as to present the identities of the victims and hear their voices, the following manuscripts represent a homage to the dead - to those who may be dead only after they have spoken through literature, through discourse. By speaking through literature and through these manuscripts, the dead assert themselves as victims, and thus as “immortals”. Therefore, this thematic issue - "The Memorial Museum of the Holocaust Victims in the Oeuvre of Danilo Kiš" - constitutes a contribution to the narrative embodiment of Kiš’s victims who, as Paul Ricoeur would say, “cry out for retribution and invoke a story”. This small-scale thematic issue is, hence, their and our “retribution”, their and our “story”. This is one of six manuscripts whose authors are PhD students at the Faculty of Philology and Arts, University of Kragujevac, and these are the first manuscripts of this type in the entire history of Kišology. Insights into the characters-victims of the Holocaust are provided in the form of exhaustive specifications of biographical information, paying special attention to antisemitism in a particular section of each manuscript, entitled: „Signs and Consequences of Antisemitism/Holocaust”

Assessment of surface water quality based on microbiological parameters and ecogenotoxicological and histopathological analysis of common bream Abramis brama (L., 1758), white bream Blicca bjoerkna (L., 1758) and white-eye bream Ballerus sapa (P., 1814) tissues

Biomonitoring predstavlja neophodnu komponentu tradicionalnih tehnika monitoringa, sa ciljem da se uspostavi veza izmeŤu spoljašnjih koncentracija zagaŤivaţa, koncentracija zagaŤivaţa u tkivima bioindikatora i ranih štetnih efekata po ispitivane organizme. Ribe su korisni bioindikatori i ţesto se primenjuju u ekogenotoksikološkim ispitivanjima. U ovoj studiji, procena stanja kvaliteta površinske vode vršena je na reci Savi na lokalitetu Duboko i na reci Dunav na lokalitetu Višnjica tokom 2014. godine, kako bi se procenio uticaj razliţitih sezona na variranje parametara kvaliteta i odgovor biomarkera deverike, krupatice i crnooke deverike. Procena kvaliteta vode vršena je merenjem fiziţko-hemijskih i mikrobioloških parametara fekalnog i organskog zagaŤenja. Procena genotoksiţnog potencijala vršena je primenom alkalnog komet testa za kvantifikaciju DNK oštešenja u šelijama krvi, jetre i škrga riba, kao biomarkera izlaganja. Histopatološke promene u jetri i škrgama prašene su kao biomarker efekta. Paralelno, prašene su koncentracije metala i metaloida u jetri, škrgama, gonadama i mišišu, primenom metode ICP-OES. Na lokalitetu Višnjica zabeleţen je viši nivo fekalnog i organskog zagaŤenja. Na lokalitetu Duboko zabeleţene su više koncentracije ispitivanih elemenata u sva ţetiri tkiva, u poreŤenju sa lokalitetom Višnjica. Na oba lokaliteta škrge su akumulirale najviše koncentracije metala i metaloida, a mišiš najniţe. Na oba lokaliteta, krv je bila tkivo sa najvišim nivoom DNK oštešenja, dok je jetra tokom vešine meseci imala najniţe DNK oštešenje. Na lokalitetu Višnjica zabeleţene su više vrednosti DNK oštešenja krvi, na lokalitetu Duboko više vrednosti DNK oštešenja škrga, dok je nivo DNK oštešenja u šelijama jetre na oba lokaliteta bio pribliţno jednak. Na lokalitetu Duboko pri najvešim vrednostima histopatološkog indeksa škrga zabeleţeno je blago do umereno oštešenje, a na lokalitetu Višnjica umereno do teško oštešenje škrga. Na oba lokaliteta, jetra je bila organ sa vešim obimom histopatoloških promena u odnosu na škrge. Sveukupno, škrge kao prvi organ u direktnom kontaktu sa zagaŤivaţima iz vode pokazale su vešu akumulaciju ispitivanih elemenata i viši nivo DNK oštešenja, dok je jetra kao glavni organ za procesuiranje zagaŤivaţa iz vode i hrane pokazala viši nivo histopatoloških promena. Odabrane vrste pokazale su se kao pogodni bioindikatori za in situ ispitivanja efekata zagaŤenja.Biomonitoring represents an essential part of traditional monitoring techniques with the aim to establish relationship between external concentrations of pollutants, concentrations of pollutants in the tissues of bioindicators and early adverse effects in examined organisms. Fish are useful bioindicators often used in ecogenotoxicological studies. In this study, assessment of the surface water quality was performed on the Sava River locality Duboko and on the Danube River locality Višnjica during 2014 in order to examine the impact of different seasons on the variation of the quality parameters and biomarker response in common bream, white bream and white-eye bream. Assessment of the water quality was performed based on the physico-chemical parameters and microbiological parameters of fecal and organic pollution. Genotoxic potential was assessed by using the alkaline comet assay in order to quantify DNA damage level, in blood, liver and gill cells, as a biomarker of exposure. Histopathological analyses of liver and gill tissue were monitored as a biomarker of effect. Additionally, concentrations of metals and metalloids in liver, gills, gonads and muscle were performed by the ICP-OES method. The higher level of fecal and organic pollution was present on the locality Višnjica. The higher concentrations of examined elements in all four tissues were present in fish from the locality Duboko, in comparison to the locality Višnjica. At both sites gills accumulated the highest concentrations of metals and metalloids, while muscle accumulated the lowest concentrations. Blood was the tissue with the highest level of DNA damage, while liver had the lowest level of DNA damage during most of the months at both sites. Higher DNA damage level in blood cells was observed at the locality Višnjica, in gill cells at the locality Duboko, while the level of DNA damage in liver was approximately the same at both localities. Based on the highest level of histopathological index of gills at the locality Duboko gills were slightly to moderately damaged, while at the locality Višnjica gills were moderately to heavily damaged. At both localities liver had higher level of histopathological alterations in comparison to gills. Overall, gills as the first organ in direct contact with contaminants form water showed higher level of examined elements and DNA damage, while the liver as the main organ for processing contaminants from water and food showed higher level of histopathological alterations. Examined fish species proved to be useful bioindicators for in situ assessment of the pollution effects

Obtaining colored antioxidant cotton and cotton/linen fabrics using green tea aqueous extract

Green tea aqueous extract was prepared and characterized regarding total flavonoids and total phenolic contents as well as antioxidant activity (assessed by ABTS method). The characterized aqueous extract was used for dyeing and functionalization of 100% cotton and cotton/linen (47%/53% and 70%/30%) fabrics. Fabric color strength (K/S) values and their antioxidant activities before and after washing were compared. The obtained results revealed that 100% cotton (GTI), 47%/53% cotton/linen (GTII), and 70%/30% cotton/linen (GTIII) fabrics have K/S values ranging between 8.33 and 10.85. After one washing cycle, these values decreased significantly. On the other hand, dyed fabrics showed excellent (100 %) ABTS radical scavenging ability which remained excellent (GTII) or decreased to medium (GTI and GTIII) levels after one washing cycle. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that 47%/53% cotton/linen fabric is the most suitable for functional clothing capable of trapping the free radial of oxygen species. The current paper represents a step towards a more sustainable textile industry that could undoubtedly contribute to overcoming the environmental problems caused by the textile industry